轮耕促进豫北潮土区小麦根系生长和产量增加  

Rotation Tillage Mode Improves Wheat Root and Yield in Fluvo-Aquic Soil in Norther Henan Province

作　　者：李连燚 王世纪 姜桂英[1] 李洋 杨锦 朱宣霖 朱长伟 王仁卓 刘芳[1] 介晓磊[1] 刘世亮[1] LI LianYi;WANG ShiJi;JIANG GuiYing;LI Yang;YANG Jin;ZHU XuanLin;ZHU ChangWei;WANG RenZhuo;LIU Fang;JIE XiaoLei;LIU ShiLiang(Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Conservation in the Huanghuaihai Plain,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collage of Resources and Environment,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450046)

机构地区：[1]农业农村部黄淮海平原耕地质量保育重点实验室/河南农业大学资源与环境学院,郑州450046

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第18期3626-3641,共16页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划重点专项项目(2021YFD1700904-2);河南省高等学校重点科研项目(23A210014);河南省重点研发与推广专项(科技攻关)(232102111029)。

摘　　要：【目的】基于耕作定位试验,探索适宜豫北潮土地区的耕作模式。【方法】试验基于始于2016年的耕作定位试验,试验3年一个轮耕周期,选择5个典型处理:(1)连续旋耕(RT-RT-RT);(2)深耕-旋耕-旋耕(DT-RT-RT);(3)深耕-旋耕-浅旋耕(DT-RT-SRT);(4)深耕-条旋耕-浅旋耕(DT-SRT-SRT);(5)深耕-浅旋耕-旋耕(DT-SRT-RT),于2021年测定并分析不同轮耕模式下小麦各生育时期根系性状、光合特性、小麦养分含量、产量,以及土壤孔隙性、土壤团聚体分布。【结果】相较于RT-RT-RT,其他轮耕模式均促进了小麦根系生长,其中以DT-SRT-RT处理的效果最为显著。在拔节期各根系性状增幅最高,其中总根长(RL)提高了80.8%,根表面积(SA)提高了54.1%,根体积(RV)增大了51.5%,根直径(RD)增大了21.9%。随着生育时期推进,各根系性状增幅逐渐下降,其中RL增幅为39.0%—28.8%,SA为21.7%—10.8%,RV为12.4%—17.8%,RD为17.5%—24.5%。与RT-RT-RT处理相比,轮耕处理的小麦光合特性均有所改善,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)以DT-SRT-RT处理较为明显,在拔节期涨幅分别为25.7%、41.5%和20.5%;在开花期分别提高了55.4%、21.7%和17.4%,但在灌浆期只有Pn和Gs分别提高了9.7%和13.6%,而Tr则降低了6.7%。与RT-RT-RT处理相比,不同轮耕处理不同程度上提高小麦各器官内全量养分含量,其中DT-SRT-RT处理叶、茎和根中氮含量分别提高了66.2%,80.1%和61.1%;叶和茎中的磷含量提高了31.2%和38.4%;根系钾含量提高达50.0%。相较于RT-RT-RT,DT-SRT-RT处理显著提高了20—30 cm土层土壤孔隙度,最高提高了27.1%;轮耕处理显著降低了0—30 cm土壤容重。轮耕处理有助于提高>0.25 mm土壤大团聚体的占比,其中DT-SRT-SRT处理显著提高了0—20 cm土层>0.25 mm大团聚体的占比;但轮耕处理降低了<0.053 mm黏粉粒的占比。此外,不同轮耕模式的小麦根冠比、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量均高于RT-RT-RT处理,�【Objective】This study aimed to explore the optimum tillage mode in northern Henan province based on the experiment.【Method】This study was based on the long-term tillage experiment started from 2016,which included different combination of three tillage practices,rotary tillage,shallow rotary tillage,and deep tillage before winter wheat sowed.The different combinations were 3-year cycle.Five typical treatments were selected:(1)continuous rotary tillage(RT-RT-RT);(2)Deep tillage-rotary tillage-rotary tillage(DT-RT-RT);(3)Deep tillage-rotary tillage-shallow rotary tillage(DT-RT-SRT);(4)Deep tillage-shallow rotary tillage-shallow rotary tillage(DT-SRT-SRT);(5)Deep tillage-shallow rotary tillage-rotary tillage(DT-SRT-RT).During the wheat season in 2021,root growth indexes,wheat photosynthetic characteristics,total nutrients of all organs at maturity,soil porosity,soil bulk density,aggregate distribution and wheat yield were measured and analyzed.【Result】Compared with RT-RT-RT,the wheat root indexes were improved under the treatments with rotation tillage,therein,DT-SRT-RT displayed the outstanding one.The highest increment of root indexes was at jointing stage.The total root length(RL),surface area(SA),volume(RV),and diameter(RD)were increased by 80.8%,54.1%,51.5%,and 21.9%,respectively.The increment was decreased with wheat growth,with the relevant value as 39.0%-28.8%(RL),21.7%-10.8%(SA),12.4%-17.8%(RV),and 17.5%-24.5%(RD),respectively.Rotational tillage treatments promoted the wheat photosynthetic characteristics,similar as root indexes,while DT-SRT-RT was demonstrated the better effect among all the treatments.Compared with RT-RT-RT,under DT-SRT-RT,the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),and transpiration rate(Tr)was increased by 25.7%,41.5%,and 20.5%respectively,at the jointing stage,which was increased by 55.4%,21.7%,and 17.4%,respectively,at the flowering stage.At the filling stage,the Pn and Gs were increased by 9.7%and 13.6%,respectively,while the Tr was decreased by 6.7%.The nutri

关 键 词：小麦 轮耕 根系 光合作用 产量 潮土 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]