俄罗斯民族学对中国民族学的影响  

Influence of Russian Ethnology on Chinese Ethnology

作　　者：丁宏[1] 陈曦 Ding Hong;Chen Xi(Center for the Study of Chinese Ethnic Minorities,Minzu University of China,Beijing,100081,China;School of Ethnology and Sociology,Minzu University of China,Beijing,100081,China)

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学中国少数民族研究中心,北京100081 [2]中央民族大学民族学与社会学学院,北京100081

出　　处：《民族学刊》2024年第3期81-92,138,共13页Journal of Ethnology

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究后期资助重大项目“社会转型过程中的俄罗斯民族学研究”(19JHQ012)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：民族学作为一门“经世致用”的学问,其研究立足于社会、服务于社会,同时也被特定的社会环境所形塑,从而孕育出不同的民族学学术传统。中俄两国同是多民族国家,又曾有过密切的历史关联,故而两国在民族学领域的交往互鉴是十分重要的。学者以往对俄罗斯民族学与中国民族学相关联的研究主要集中在苏联时期,重点讨论苏维埃民族学对中国民族学的形塑和影响。本文以时间为纵轴,从俄国民族学的产生到苏联时期民族学全面“渗透”及对中国民族学学科建设、学科理论的影响,以及苏联解体后俄罗斯民族学的“危机”、对华影响的衰弱等方面,探讨了俄罗斯民族学影响中国民族学发展进程的历史背景和主客观因素,探讨中国如何在借鉴中发展出中国化民族学道路等议题,力求从中俄两国民族学的发展脉络中探索学科的交织互鉴之处,实现更为深入的学术交流与理论互鉴,发挥承前启后的学术价值。China and Russia,as neighboring countries with deep historical ties,have made significant strides in the field of ethnology.This paper takes a chronological approach,aiming to explore the intertwined trajectories of Chinese and Russian ethnology,examining their developmental contexts.This article broadly divides Russian ethnology into three stages:The Russian Empire period,the Soviet era,and the post-Soviet period.During the Russian Empire period,the theoretical and practical aspects of ethnology adopted a“state presence”research orientation.On the one hand,this was reflected in the collective,planned,and large-scale nature of ethnological research.On the other hand,it was also seen in the applied characteristics of paying attention to societal realities and serving both the state and the people-a legacy that has permeated Soviet ethnology.Despite its relatively limited direct influence on Chinese ethnology during the Russian Empire period,Russian ethnology’s impact was quite far-reaching.Notably,the ethnos(этнос)theory pioneered by ethnologist S.M.Shirokogorov directly influenced Fei Xiaotong's significant theory of“the Pattern of Diversity in Unity of the Chinese Nation.”During the Soviet period,a comprehensive“infiltration”of the Soviet school of ethnology into the academic and disciplinary systems of Chinese ethnology laid the foundational groundwork for the development of Chinese Marxist ethnology.On the one hand,this is due to the alignment of the Soviet tradition of serving the state with the academic interests of Chinese ethnology.On the other hand,this connection was also influenced by the political milieu of the 1950s,which advocated“comprehensive learning from the Soviet Union”and“Sinicizing the Soviet experience”.At that time in China,learning from the Soviet Union emerged as a feasible and necessary path for the development of ethnology.The introduction of Soviet ethnology had significant influence on both the disciplinary construction and theoretical aspects of Chinese eth

关 键 词：俄罗斯民族学 中国民族学科 苏维埃学派 民族学史 

分 类 号：C912.4[经济管理]