“威士忌酒叛乱”与美国早期的民众“法外行动”  

"Whiskey Rebellion"and"Extralegal Actions"of the Populace in Early America

作　　者：孟凡 Meng Fan

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史系,上海200433

出　　处：《史学月刊》2024年第10期80-95,共16页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：殖民地时期以来,印白种族之间的残酷冲突,殖民地政府对西部民众诉求的漠视,在宾夕法尼亚西部催生了一种武装自治的传统和诉诸暴力的偏好。不过,在爆发于1791年且持续4年之久的“威士忌酒叛乱”中,针对政府的民众暴力抗争在残酷性和破坏力上始终保持在一个较低水平上。一方面,施暴者通过高度仪式化的暴力活动,避免了严重的身体伤害;另一方面,地方社区凭借相沿成习的政治惯例组织抗议运动,防止了内战的发生。“叛乱”爆发后,各界人士普遍批评民众采用暴力手段抵制联邦政策不合时宜,并将这一“叛乱”事件作为塑造美国“非暴力”特性的素材。抗税民众的暴力实践颇具代表性地呈现出美国早期民众“法外行动”的历史源流和基本特点,而美国社会和政府对这一事件的态度和处理方式则反映出暴力问题对美国早期国族构建的深远影响。Since the colonial period,the brutal conflict between Indians and the white and the colonial government's indifference to the demands of the western people spawned a tradition of armed autonomy in western Pennsylvania.In the"Whiskey Rebellion"which broke out in 1791 and lasted for four years,the cruelty and destructive power of extralegal actions remained at a low level.On the one hand,the perpetrators avoided serious physical injuries through highly ritualized violence.On the other hand,local communities organized protest movements by virtue of the common political conventions,which prevented the occurrence of civil war.After the"rebellion"broke out,people with different political stands generally criticized the public violence and took this violent incident as the material to shape the"non-violent"characteristics of the United States.In a word,the violent practice of the people who refused to pay taxes shows the historical origin and basic characteristics of"extralegal actions"of the populace in early America,and the handling of this incident reflects the far-reaching influence of violence on the nation-building project of early America.

关 键 词：早期美国 “威士忌酒叛乱” 抗税骚乱 “法外行动” 大众政治文化 

分 类 号：K712.42[历史地理—历史学]