不同降水年型磷肥对旱地冬小麦产量及磷素吸收利用的影响  

Effects of Phosphorus Fertilization on the Yield and Phosphorus Absorption and Utilization of Dryland Winter Wheat Under Different Precipitation Year Types

作　　者：贾兵丽 李艳行 杨文杰 于杰 苑爱静 李宁娜 邱炜红[1] 王朝辉[1,2] JIA BingLi;LI YanXing;YANG WenJie;YU Jie;YUAN AiJing;LI NingNa;QIU WeiHong;WANG ZhaoHui(College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi;State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas,Yangling 712100,Shaanxi)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]旱区作物逆境生物学国家重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第16期3192-3206,共15页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1900700)。

摘　　要：【目的】探究不同降水年型及夏闲期降水量下磷肥对旱地小麦产量及磷素吸收利用的影响,为优化管理旱地冬小麦磷肥施用及稳产增产提供理论依据和实践指导。【方法】基于陕西渭北旱塬2018年7月开始的冬小麦磷肥定位试验,设置优化施磷(+P)和不施磷处理(-P),在不同降水年型下分析磷肥施用对冬小麦产量、降水利用效率、土壤贮水量、磷肥利用效率、冬小麦磷素吸收和土壤磷盈余的影响。【结果】干旱年和平水年小麦产量分别为3 432和4 549 kg·hm^(-2),而丰水年冬小麦产量可达7 634 kg·hm^(-2)。与-P处理相比,+P处理显著提高小麦产量5.8%。冬小麦产量与年降水量、夏闲期降水量均呈线性加平台相关关系。干旱年,+P处理年降水利用效率和夏闲期降水利用效率显著低于-P处理,分别降低9.5%和8.0%,但在丰水年,+P处理年降水利用效率和夏闲期降水利用效率显著高于-P处理,分别提高13.1%和12.9%。平水年,1 m土层贮水量显著低于干旱年和丰水年,分别降低了10.8%和10.5%;在丰水年,磷肥施用对0—3 m土层贮水量无显著影响;在干旱年和平水年,+P处理表层土壤速效磷含量较-P处理显著增加了29.1%和17.8%;磷肥利用效率随着年降水量和夏闲期降水量的增加而增大,其中丰水年磷肥偏生产力和磷肥农学效率较干旱年分别显著提高74.0%和176.3%。此外,丰水年,+P处理土壤磷盈余最少,与干旱年和平水年相比,分别显著降低了67.9%和62.9%。-P处理土壤磷均亏缺,且丰水年的土壤磷亏缺量显著高于干旱年和平水年。【结论】冬小麦产量及磷素吸收利用在不同降水年型有不同效应,故旱地冬小麦生产中施用磷肥时需要考虑降水量变化。夏闲期降水量和年降水量对小麦产量的影响有相似的规律,因此应当更关注夏闲期降水量,以此来预测目标产量和优化磷肥施用量,保证合理施用磷肥和作物稳产增产。【Objective】The effects of phosphorus (P) fertilization on the yield,P uptake and utilization of dryland wheat under different precipitation patterns and summer-season precipitation were investigated to provide the theoretical basis and practical guidance for optimizing the management of P fertilizer application and increasing yield of dryland winter wheat.【Method】This study was based on a winter wheat P fertilization experiment that started in July 2018 at three sites in Weibei dryland area of Plateau Loess,China.The field experiment included two treatments:optimized P application (+P),and no P application (-P).The precipitation,winter wheat yield,precipitation efficiency,soil water storage,P fertilizer use efficiency,wheat P uptake,and soil P budget under different precipitation years were analyzed over three years.【Result】The wheat yields in dry and intermediate years were 3 432 and 4 549 kg·hm^(-2),respectively,while the wheat yield in wet year was 7 634 kg·hm^(-2).Compared with the-P treatment,the+P treatment significantly increased the wheat yield by 5.8%.Overall,the winter wheat yield showed a linear plus platform correlation with annual precipitation and precipitation in the summer fallow season.In the dry years,the annual and summer-seasonal precipitation use efficiency under+P treatment were significantly lower than those in the-P treatment,with a decrease of 9.5%and8.0%,respectively;however,in the wet year,they were significantly higher by 13.1%and 12.9%than those under-P treatment.Soil water storage in 0-100 cm soil layers in intermediate year was significantly lower by 10.5%and 10.8%than that under the dry and wet years,respectively,while in the wet year,the application of P fertilizer had no significant effects on soil water storage in 0-300cm soil layers.Additionally,in the dry and intermediate years,the+P treatment significantly increased the topsoil available phosphorus contents by 29.1%and 17.8%,respectively.The P use efficiency increased with the increasing annual precipitation and

关 键 词：旱地 冬小麦 降水量 磷肥优化 磷素吸收 土壤磷盈余 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]