长期施肥对旱作雨养农田土壤水分特性的影响  

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Soil Water Characteristics in Rainfed Farmland

作　　者：张超[1] 段淑方 高明霞[1,3] 杨学云[2] 张树兰[2] 冯浩[3,4] 孙本华[2,4] Zhang Chao;Duan Shufang;Gao Mingxia;Yang Xueyun;Zhang Shulan;Feng Hao;Sun Benhua(College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Green and Low Carbon Agriculture on Dryland in Northwest China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院/农业农村部西北旱地农业绿色低碳重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [3]西北农林科技大学水土保持科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌712100 [4]西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《水土保持研究》2024年第6期168-175,187,共9页Research of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1900300);高等学校学科创新引智计划(B12007)。

摘　　要：[目的]探究长期不同施肥下农田土壤水分特性的变化及其与土壤理化性质的关系,为关中地区旱作雨养农田科学施肥提供科学依据。[方法]选取旱作雨养农田长期施肥定位试验的5个处理:不施肥(CK),单施氮肥(N),氮磷肥配施(NP),氮磷钾肥配施(NPK),有机肥与氮磷钾肥配施(MNPK)。采样测定土壤有机质、阳离子交换量、塑性、容重和水分特征曲线,通过V-G模型获得土壤水分特性参数和孔径分布,分析了长期施肥对土壤水分特性变化的影响。[结果]与CK相比,单施N处理仅显著提高土壤有机质(增幅6.8%)、容重(8.7%)和降低塑性指数(3.0%);其他施肥处理显著提高了土壤有机质(31.4%~78.4%)、阳离子交换量(1.5%~7.7%)、上塑限(8.1%~14.8%)、下塑限(7.9%~18.7%)和塑性指数(8.3%~10.4%),其中,MNPK处理增幅最大。所有处理土壤水分特征曲线的变化趋势基本相同,均可用V-G模型很好地进行模拟。与CK处理相比,MNPK处理显著提高了土壤田间持水量(39.0%)、凋萎系数(64.7%)、有效含水率(22.5%)、速效含水率(18.1%)和迟效含水率(37.5%),而其他施肥仅提高部分土壤水分特性指标。施肥处理均降低了土壤大孔隙比例,MNPK,NPK和N处理提高了土壤中、小孔隙比例提升。土壤有机质、阳离子交换量、容重和塑性指数对土壤水分特性指标变异的总解释度达99.99%(p<0.05),其中土壤有机质(55.2%,p=0.034)和阳离子交换量(40.7%,p=0.022)贡献显著。[结论]有机无机肥配施可显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤有机质、阳离子交换量、土壤饱和含水率、田间持水量、有效含水率,更好地改善土壤持水和供水性能,是适合干旱半干旱地区雨养农业的施肥模式。土壤有机质和阳离子交换量是影响土壤水分特性的两个重要因素,土壤有机质与阳离子交换量越高,土壤持水性越强和有效水越多,提升土壤有机质水平是提高旱作雨养农田水分保蓄和利用效率[Objective]The aims of this study are to explore the changes of soil water characteristics and their relationship with soil physical&chemical properties under long-term different fertilization,and to provide a scientific basis for reasonable fertilization on rainfed farmland in Guanzhong area.[Methods]Five treatments were selected from a long-term fertilization experiment on rainfed farmland:No fertilizer(CK),Nitrogen fertilization(N),Nitrogen-Phosphorus fertilization(NP),Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium fertilization(NPK),and Organic manure combined with NPK fertilization(MNPK).The soil organic matter(SOM),cation exchange capacity(CEC),plasticity,bulk density and water characteristic curves were measured.The soil water characteristic parameters and pore size distribution were obtained by V-G model,and the mechanism of soil water characteristic change caused by long-term fertilization was analyzed.[Results]Compared with CK,long-term nitrogen fertilization(N)only significantly increased SOM(rate of increase,6.8%),bulk density(8.7%)and plasticity index(3.0%),whereas other fertilization treatments significantly increased SOM(31.4%~78.4%),CEC(1.5%~7.7%),upper plastic limit(8.1%~14.8%),lower plastic limit(7.9%~18.7%)and plasticity index(8.3%~10.4%),in which MNPK increased these indicators the most.The change trend of soil water characteristic curves was basically the same for all treatments,which could be well simulated by V-G model.Compared with CK,MNPK significantly increased soil field water capacity(39.0%),wilting point(64.7%),effective water content(22.5%),rapidly available water content(18.1%)and slowly available water content(37.5%),however,other fertilization treatments only increased some of soil water characteristics indexes.Fertilization reduced the proportion of macropores,while the treatments of MNPK,NPK and N increased the proportion of mesopores and micropores.The total explanatory degree of SOM,CEC,bulk density and plasticity index on the variation of soil moisture characteristics was 99.99%(p<0.05),in wh

关 键 词：雨养农田 长期施肥 土壤理化特性 水分特征曲线 土壤水分常数 

分 类 号：S152.7[农业科学—土壤学]