渭北旱塬不同树龄矮砧密植苹果园土壤水分空间分布特征  

Spatial Characteristics of Soil Moisture in Dense Planting Dwarf Rootstock Apple Orchards with Different Tree Ages in Weibei Dry Highland

作　　者：王达未 陈东凯 骆汉[2,4] 谢永生 Wang Dawei;Chen Dongkai;Luo Han;Xie Yongsheng(Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Shaanxi Hantang Environmental Protection Agriculture Co.,Ltd.,Xi′an 710065,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心,陕西杨凌712100 [2]中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所,陕西杨凌712100 [3]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [4]西北农林科技大学水土保持科学与工程学院,陕西杨凌712100 [5]陕西汉唐环保农业有限公司,西安710065

出　　处：《水土保持研究》2024年第6期188-198,共11页Research of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：陕西省科技重大专项资助项目“苹果优质高效生产关键技术研发与示范”(2020zdzx03-02-01)。

摘　　要：[目的]提高土壤水分利用效率,为矮砧密植苹果园水分管理提供参考,实现果园的可持续高质量发展。[方法]通过空间代时间的方法,以人工打土钻的方式定期采集6 a,9 a和12 a果园0—300 cm的土样,监测树下、株间、中间点和行间位置的土壤水分状况,揭示了不同树龄和空间位置的果园土壤水分变化特征。[结果](1)在垂直方向上,各树龄果园的土壤含水量在雨季前、中、后期差异显著,土壤含水量随土层深度呈现减—增—减—增的变化趋势。(2)在水平方向上,各树龄果园在雨季前、中、后期的土壤含水量分布特征相似,即树下的含水量明显小于株间、行间和中间点,尤其是树下位置浅层(0—60 cm)和中层(60—160 cm)的土壤水分亏损最多。[结论]雨季前(3—6月)是矮砧密植苹果园水分亏缺最多的时期,此时应及时人工灌溉;苹果树主要吸水部位是树下土壤浅层(0—60 cm)和中层(60—160 cm),应加强对树下部位的灌溉。[Objective]The aims of this study are to enhance soil water utilization efficiency,to provide a reference for water management in dense planting dwarf rootstock apple orchards,and to realize the sustainable and high-quality development of orchards.[Methods]The space-time substitution method was employed to regularly collect soil samples of 0—300 cm from 6-year-old,9-year-old,and 12-year-old orchards through artificial drilling.Soil moisture conditions at different spatial positions such as under trees,between plants,midpoints and rows were consistently monitored to reveal the characteristics of soil moisture changes in orchards with varying tree ages and spatial positions.[Results](1)Vertically,significant differences existed in soil moisture content among orchards of different ages during pre-rainy season periods,mid-rainy season periods and post-rainy season periods.The trend of soil moisture content exhibited a‘decrease-increase-decrease-increase’shape with the depth.(2)Horizontally,the distribution characteristics of soil moisture content in orchards of different ages during pre-rainy season,mid-rainy season,and post-rainy seasons were similar.Specifically,the moisture content under trees was significantly lower than between plants,between rows,and at intermediate points.Especially,the shallow layer(0—60 cm)and middle layer(60—160 cm)of soil under trees experienced the most water loss.[Conclusion]The period before rainy season(March—July)is the most serious period of water deficit in dense planting dwarf rootstock apples.Timely artificial irrigation should be carried out.The main water absorption parts of apple trees are the shallow layer(0—60 cm)and the middle layer(60—160 cm)of the soil under the tree.The irrigation in the soil under the tree should be strengthened.

关 键 词：渭北旱塬 矮砧密植 苹果园 土壤水分 空间分布特征 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学] S152.7[农业科学—园艺学]