凡是锦囊,皆为妙计?——论陀思妥耶夫斯基早中期小说的“信中信”现象  

Is Any Silk Bag a Clever Trick?--On the“Letter in the Letter”Phenomenon in Dostoevsky’s Novels of His Early and Middle Period of Writing

作　　者：万海松[1,2] WAN Hai-song

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院外国文学研究所 [2]中国社会科学院大学外国语学院,北京100732

出　　处：《北方论丛》2024年第5期96-107,共12页The Northern Forum

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“陀思妥耶夫斯基书信文本研究”(19BWW042)。

摘　　要：在陀思妥耶夫斯基1870年前的早中期小说如《穷人》《双重人格》《九封信组成的小说》《地下室手记》《罪与罚》《白痴》等中,普遍存在“文中信”“文中文”和“信中信”的形式(本文统称为“信中信”现象)。这些在文体上属于书信的内容,叙事的层级等次不一,功能和效果也不尽相同。它们虽然并非都是提供现成答案的“锦囊妙计”,但确实有利于操控叙事进程:有的是为了设置更多的复杂线索、转移叙事的核心,有的则是为了避开焦点、混淆视听、制造冲突,在故意设置的混乱背景中立体展现主人公的心理和思想。作为套叠叙事、亚文本或次亚文本的“信中信”现象,既是陀思妥耶夫斯基独特的书信体和类书信体书写,也是其小说创作中一种力求创新突破的叙事策略。In the stories and novels of Dostoevsky’s early and middle periods of writing(before 1870),such as Poor Folk,The Double,A Story Composed of Nine Letters,Notes from Underground,Crime and Punishment,Idiot,etc.,there are common forms of“letter in the text”,“text in the text”,and“letter in the letter”,which are collectively referred to as the“letter in the letter”phenomenon in this essay.These are the contents of letters in style,with different levels of narration and different functions and effects.Although not all of them are“tricks”that provide ready-made answers,they are indeed beneficial to manipulate the narrative process:some are to set more complex clues and shift the center of the narrative,while others are to avoid the existed focus,confuse the audience,create conflicts,and present the heroes’psychology and thoughts in multidimensional perspectives in a deliberately chaotic background.As a phenomenon of overlapping narrative,subtext,or sub-subtext,“letter in the letter”is not only Dostoevsky’s unique techniques of epistolary novels and similar epistolary writing,but also a narrative strategy that strives for innovation and breakthrough in his novel creation.

关 键 词：陀思妥耶夫斯基 早中期小说 “信中信” 类书信体书写 叙事策略 

分 类 号：I512.074[文学—其他各国文学]