基于人本需求视角的空间公正研究综述  

A Review of Spatial Justice Research from the Perspective of Human Needs

作　　者：晁瑞霞 黄耿志[1,2] 薛德升 Chao Ruixia;Huang Gengzhi;Xue Desheng(Sun Yat-sen University,School of Geography and Planning,Urban and Regional Planning,Guangzhou 510006,China;Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai),Zhuhai 519082,China)

机构地区：[1]中山大学地理科学与规划学院,广州510006 [2]南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东珠海519082

出　　处：《热带地理》2024年第10期1748-1761,共14页Tropical Geography

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(42201205);中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2022M713553)。

摘　　要：空间公正的范式构建直接受城市权力理念的权力争取和马克思主义地理学者的分配公正的影响,但更注重地理领域上的空间实践。文章首先梳理了相关理论和概念,发现人本需求一直是空间公正研究的重要内容,空间公正评价标准是多维的而非绝对平等。一方面,在实现实体层面的资源、财产、机会的地域分配公正维度,Walzer、Harvey、Soja等学者都指出在平等满足生存最基本需求(Basic Needs)之上,要考虑个人/群体的需求意愿、欲望(Needs as Demands, Wider Needs)而进行有差异的分配。另一方面,实现公正也包括减弱因地理环境而引起的社会隔离、主观情感缺失的地域性歧视。但如何定义并评估多维的、主观的人本需求是目前研究容易避开的问题。文章进而从测量方式、方法优势和适用话题等维度总结了相关研究方法,发现当前实证的根本不足在于将人本需求局限于评估人口规模。因此,从人本需求视角尝试提出未来研究方向:1)地域分配公正的研究亟需在人口规模之外探讨真实的需求内容并建立评价指标;2)城市的空间实践需要从人本视角建立公正标准,减弱非公正的社会空间效应;3)在全球区域尺度上探讨公正的存在形式和实现方法。Justice is an ancient concept that originated from commodity exchange and has been continuously critiqued and discussed in philosophy,ethics,and law to identify potential pathways for societies and institutions.Since the 1960s,justice research led by sociologists and political scientists has identified spatial injustices,attributing them to inherent flaws in economic systems,social order,and legal frameworks.Subsequently,the emphasis on spatial aspects,proposed by Henri Lefebvre's"right to the city"and the spatiality of social justice explored by Marxist geographers,inspired scholars such as Pirie,Soja,and Iveson.These scholars have continuously refined the theoretical framework of spatial justice,prioritizing real-world spatial practices.The essence of spatial justice can be understood through a series of dichotomies:it is both a theoretical critique and a practical methodology,passively influenced by social systems yet spatially proactive,static yet dynamic,and both process and outcome.The essential questions are"seeing spatial justice"and"seeking spatial justice",which involve"describing the justice level of social spatial outcomes"and"exploring the spatial causes and formation processes of injustice."Additionally,the two main research directions are"territorial distribution justice"and"local discrimination."Spatial justice does not imply absolute equality in distribution processes or outcomes;rather,it recognizes differences in human needs that lead to unequal distributions.The principles of spatial justice include both equality and differentiation.Scholars generally agree that the principle of equality should meet basic needs,such as transportation infrastructure,primary education,and healthcare services,which ensure minimum living standards.Based on differentiated needs—determined by factors such as region,identity,environment,contributions,and merits—non-essential material goods,social resources,and environmental assets can be allocated unequally.However,the concept of human needs is inherently subject

关 键 词：空间公正 人本需求 意愿 地域分配公正 地域性歧视 

分 类 号：F290[经济管理—国民经济]