明代“大一统”文化塑造下的海南书院研究  

A Study on Hainan Academies under the Cultural Shaping of“Great Unification”in Ming Dynasty

作　　者：马磊[1,2] 覃雯靖 MA Lei;QIN Wenjing

机构地区：[1]四川师范大学历史文化与旅游学院 [2]四川师范大学四川省铸牢中华民族共同体意识研究基地

出　　处：《湖北民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第5期35-48,共14页Journal of Hubei Minzu University：Philosophy and Social Sciences

基　　金：四川师范大学校级教改项目“新文科视野下历史地理课堂教学改革探索与实践”(20210185XJG);四川师范大学历史文化与旅游学院2022年硕士研究生科研创新基金重点项目“明代书院与‘大一统’建构研究——以海南书院为例”。

摘　　要：别于宋元,在官创私办之下,明代中后期位于边缘海疆的海南书院迎来发展热潮,数量骤增、学制完善,追齐华夏中心地带书院的发展水平,呈现一体化、官学化、平民化及社团化特征。因创办经费来源、教学宗旨与属地层级分野,书院存在官私之分、考课式讲会式之别、府州县乡之异。又因岛内地理、历史要素不均衡,书院时空分布呈现,以嘉靖、万历两朝最盛,集中于以琼州府治为中心的北部几个州县治所。在明中叶科举与官学一体化影响下,海南书院的存在,不仅为官方认定的官学之辅,更补救官学流弊。在承担读书人的人文理想、社会责任与国家教育责任之外,作为明代“大一统”在边缘海疆文化塑造中的重要一环,海南书院在明中后期海南社会的具体历史情境中,其政治文化意蕴更为突出。In contrast to the Song and Yuan dynasties,Hainan academies in the peripheral maritime regions experienced a significant surge in development during the mid to late Ming dynasty,driven by both official and private initiatives.The number of academies increased dramatically,and educational systems were enhanced,bringing them in line with the standards of academies in central China.This period was marked by characteristics of integration,official support,popularization,and community organization.Due to differences in funding sources,educational objectives,and local administrative hierarchies,there are distinctions between official and private academies,as well as variations in examination-based and lecture-based formats,and differences among prefectures,states,counties,and townships.Moreover,because of the uneven geographical and historical factors within the island,the temporal and spatial distribution of academies is most prominent during the Jiajing and Wanli periods,which was concentrated in several northern prefectures and counties centered around Qiongzhou Prefecture.Under the influence of the integration of the imperial examination and official education in the middle of Ming dynasty,the existence of Hainan academies were not only supplements to the official education,but also remedies to the abuses of official education.Besides taking on the humanistic ideal,social responsibility and national educational responsibility of the scholars,as an important part of the“great unification”in Ming dynasty,the political and cultural implication of Hainan academies was more prominent in the specific historical situation of Hainan society in the middle and late Ming dynasty.

关 键 词：“大一统” 文化塑造 海南书院 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] G649.299[历史地理—中国史]