中全新世温暖期华北地区农业结构演化及其对环境的适应  

EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURE AND ITS ADAPTATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT IN NORTH CHINA DURING THE MIDDLE HOLOCENE WARM PERIOD

作　　者：李延鹏 周新郢[1,3] 孙楠 赵克良[1,3] 陈冠翰[1,3] 张雅平 马嘉成 刘俊池 李小强 LI Yanpeng;ZHOU Xinying;SUN Nan;ZHAO Keliang;CHEN Guanhan;ZHANG Yaping;MA Jiacheng;LIU Junchi;LI Xiaoqiang(Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100044;School of Earth Science and Resources,Chang'an University,Xi'an 710054,Shaanxi;School of Earth and Planetary Sciences,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所,中国科学院脊椎动物演化与人类起源重点实验室,北京100044 [2]长安大学地球科学与资源学院,陕西西安710054 [3]中国科学院大学地球与行星科学学院,北京100049

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2024年第5期1433-1449,共17页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(批准号:2022YFF0801102);中国科学院青年创新促进会项目(批准号:YSBR-019)共同资助。

摘　　要：农业的起源和传播强化了人类适应和改造自然环境的能力,对全球生态系统产生了深刻的影响,并促进了人类文化的发展以及文明的起源。华北地区是粟作农业起源的核心地带,新石器时代以来的考古遗迹众多,文化序列完整,是研究早期作物起源及农业演化的理想区域。本研究在淇河流域植物大遗存分析的基础上,收集了华北地区中全新世9~3 ka B.P.期间粟(Setaria italica)、黍(Panicum miliaceum)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)和大豆(Glycine max)5种农作物数据,并结合气候、地貌等信息系统分析了淇河流域中全新世农业结构演化及其对环境的适应过程。研究表明,淇河流域农业经济结构演化特征与整个华北地区相比具有同步性。中全新世以来,适宜的气候环境为农业的发展和传播提供了有利的自然条件,水稻不断向北传播,在6.3 ka B.P.前后已经进入淇河流域,形成以粟、黍、水稻为主的混合农业体系;5.5 ka B.P.前后,随着气候的波动以及湿地的衰退,水稻逐渐退出淇河流域,农业结构演变为以粟、黍为主的旱作农业;3.5 ka B.P.前后随着小麦的传入,该地区形成以粟、黍、小麦为主的传统旱作农业体系。此外,华北地区中全新世以来农业结构的演化与气候环境及地貌之间存在显著的相关性,气候的周期性变化导致生业模式及农作物组合特征适时调整。地貌类型对农业也有着一定的影响和制约作用,对史前聚居点的分布、农业结构都产生了显著影响。The origin and spread of agriculture enhanced the capacity of humankind to adapt and transform the natural environment,exerted a profound influence on the global ecosystem,and contributed to the development of human culture as well as the origin of civilization.North China represents the core area of the origin of millet agriculture,with numerous archaeological remains and complete cultural sequences since the Neolithic period,rendering it an optimal area for investigating the origin of early crops and the evolution of agriculture,and a comprehensive archaeological investigation of the lower reaches of the Qi River,during which the sites of Zhujia and Wangzhuang were discovered.This paper presents a study of the plant remains excavated from three sites in the Qi River Basin:Dalaidian(35°44'14″N,114°16'38″E),Zhujia(35°46'40″N,114°12'47″E),and Wangzhuang(35°46'40″N,114°12'47″E).Additionally,data pertaining to five crops,namely foxtail millet(Setaria italica),broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum),rice(Oryza sativa),wheat(Triticum aestivum)and soybean(Glycine max),were collected during the 9~3 ka B.P.period in North China.This data was then analyzed in order to ascertain the evolution of the agricultural structure in the Middle Holocene in North China and its adaptation to the natural environment by combining the aforementioned data with information on the climate and geomorphology.The study indicates that the evolution of agricultural structures in the Qi River basin is synchronous with those of the entire North China region.Since the Middle Holocene,the favorable climatic environment provided favorable conditions for the development and spread of agriculture,and rice continued to spread northward,entering the Qi River basin around 6.3 ka B.P.and forming a mixed agricultural system dominated by foxtail millet,broomcorn millet and rice.Around 5.5 ka B.P.,As a result of fluctuations in climate and the recession of wetlands,rice gradually withdrew from the Qi River basin.The agricultural structure subse

关 键 词：淇河流域 华北地区 中全新世 农业结构演化 环境变化 

分 类 号：P534.632[天文地球—第四纪地质学] P532[天文地球—古生物学与地层学]