西北旱塬免耕的产量效应受降水特征和施肥显著影响  

Crop yield efficiency of no-tillage is significantly influenced by precipitation and fertilization in the dryland of northwest China

作　　者：张建军[1,2] 党翼 赵刚[1,2] 王磊 周刚[1,2] 王淑英 李尚中[1,2] 樊廷录 胡靖宇[1,2] 王鹤龄 张文菊[4] ZHANG Jian-jun;DANG Yi;ZHAO Gang;WANG Lei;ZHOU Gang;WANG Shu-ying;LI Shang-zhong;Fan Ting-lu;HU Jing-yu;WANG He-ling;ZHANG Wen-ju(Institute of Dryland,Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Water in Dry Farming of Gansu Province,Lanzhou,Gansu 730070,China;Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/The Joint Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Gansu Province for Crop Drought Resistance,Yield Increment and Rainwater Efficient Utilization on Rain-fed Area,Lanzhou,Gansu 730070,China;Institute of Arid Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Lanzhou,Gansu 730020,China;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing100081,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室,甘肃兰州730070 [2]农业农村部西北旱地作物绿色低碳重点实验室/部省共建农业农村部旱地作物抗逆增产及雨水高效利用重点实验室,甘肃兰州730070 [3]中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所,甘肃兰州730020 [4]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2024年第9期1694-1704,共11页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：农业农村部科技基础资源调查专项(2021FY100502-05);中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所干旱气象科学研究基金项目(2023GHJJ04);甘肃省农业科学院院列项目(2021GAAS14);中国气象局创新发展专项(CXFZ2024J056)。

摘　　要：【目的】在冬小麦-夏春玉米轮作体系,研究不同降水年型条件下西北雨养农业区耕作与施肥对作物产量的影响,为西北旱塬作物高产稳产提供理论依据。【方法】基于2005年甘肃陇东旱塬设置的土壤耕作与培肥长期定位试验(3年冬小麦—1年春玉米),主处理为传统耕作和免耕,副处理为不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、单施磷肥(P)、单施农家肥(M)、氮磷配施(NP)和氮磷配施农家肥(NPM)。结合对冬小麦和玉米产量的分析,探究不同耕作与施肥处理下作物产量在不同降水年型的差异机制。【结果】降水年型、耕作和施肥方式显著影响冬小麦和玉米产量。无论何种降水年型或耕作方式,配施有机肥的NPM处理作物产量(冬小麦3441 kg/hm^(2),春玉米8991 kg/hm^(2))均显著高于其他施肥处理,并且NPM处理对作物的增产效果在丰水年型更为明显。在丰水年型,相对于传统耕作,免耕处理的作物产量无明显差异,但在干旱及平水年型下,免耕冬小麦平均产量分别下降了15.6%和25.7%,玉米平均产量分别下降了17.9%和4.6%;与传统耕作相比,免耕处理下的冬小麦和玉米水分利用效率在干旱年型分别下降了6.7%和17.0%,冬小麦水分利用效率在平水年型下降了24.0%。免耕处理下土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于传统耕作。【结论】在西北半干旱雨养农业区,干旱及平水年型免耕虽然提高了土壤养分含量,但降低了作物水分利用效率,这是导致作物产量降低的主要原因。因此,需要根据降水情况选择耕作方式,提高西北黄土旱塬作物产量的稳定性。【Objectives】Under the rotation of winter wheat and spring maize(3 years for winter wheat and 1 year for spring maize),the effects of tillage and fertilization on crop yield in rain-fed agricultural area of Northwest China under different precipitation years were studied to provide theoretical basis for high and stable crop yield in the Northwest upland.【Methods】This study is based on a long-term positioning experiment of tillage and fertilization in dryland soil set up in Zhenyuan County,Qingyang City,Gansu Province in 2005.This study is a two-factor experiment,with tillage as the main treatment and fertilization as the secondary treatment,to analyze the yield and water effects of long-term cultivation and fertilization in a 17-year rotation system of wheat and maize,as well as the mechanisms of soil fertilization and sustainable yield increase.The tillage treatment included traditional tillage and no tillage,while the fertilization treatment included no fertilization(CK),single nitrogen fertilizer(N),single phosphorus fertilizer(P),single organic fertilizer(M),nitrogen fertilizer combined with phosphorus fertilizer(NP),and NP combined with organic fertilizer(NPM).Combining analysis of wheat and maize yields,this study explored the mechanisms of crop yield differences across rainfall years under tillage and fertilization treatments.【Results】Different rainfall years,tillage,and fertilization methods significantly affected the yields of wheat and maize.Under different precipitation methods and tillage methods,the NPM treatment yields(winter wheat 3441 kg/hm^(2),spring maize 8991 kg/hm^(2))were significantly higher than those of other fertilization treatments,with a more obvious effect of NPM treatment on crop yields under wet years.Compared to conventional tillage,no-tillage significantly reduced crop yields during drought years and wheat yields during normal rainfall years.In wet years,no significant difference was observed in crop yields between traditional tillage and no-tillage treatments.However,in

关 键 词：黑垆土 传统耕作 免耕 施肥 冬小麦−春玉米轮作 土壤养分 产量 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S512.11