中亚与中国的祖尔万:粟特艺术与敦煌文书中最神秘难解的祆教神祇  

Zurvan in Central Asia and China:The Most Enigmatic Zoroastrian Deities in Sogdian Art and Dunhuang Mauscripts

作　　者：李思飞 Li Sifei

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2024年第3期89-108,M0004,共21页The World History Review

基　　金：国家社科基金冷门绝学项目“敦煌壁画外来图像文明属性研究”(项目编号:20VJXT014)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：敦煌粟特语佛经《须大拏太子本生经》和伯希和敦煌第8号文书载述了与印度神祇有对应关系的五位粟特神祇及其特征。其中印度神梵天的粟特对应神名为“阿兹鲁瓦”,等同于琐罗亚斯德教文献中的无限时间之神祖尔万,其特征为蓄有胡须。汉文史料和伊斯兰文献及碑铭学材料证明,在中亚的巴克特里亚和粟特等地区普遍存在祖尔万崇拜。本文系统收集中国与中亚的祖尔万形象,在与敦煌壁画和绢画、佛教造像碑、虞弘石堂及粟特和萨珊艺术中的相关图像的比较辨析中,阐述祆教神祇祖尔万从理念到视觉的图像学转化。The Buddhist Sutra Vessantara Jātaka(VJ 908-922)and Pelliot text 8(P.8.42)in Sogdian language found in Dunhuang,document five Sogdian deities and their attributes that have Indian counterparts.The Sogdian counterpart of the Indian deity Brahma is named Azruwa,who corresponds to Zurvan,the god of infinite time in Zoroastrian literature,and is characterized by a beard.The widespread Zurvan worship in Central Asia such as in Bactria and Sogdiana have been well attested by Chinese written sources and Islamic literature as well as inscriptions.This article collects iconographic representations of Zurvan from China and Central Asia,comparing them with related images from Dunhuang murals,silk paintings,Buddhist steles,the Yuhong Stone house,as well as from Sogdian and Sassanian art.It examines how the concept of Zurvan had been transformed into visual arts.

关 键 词：敦煌文书 祆教神祇 祖尔万 粟特艺术 萨珊艺术 

分 类 号：B983[哲学宗教—宗教学] K86[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] J110.9[历史地理—历史学]