非洲国家豁免立场的转向及中国因应  

The Shift in Stances of African States on Foreign State Immunity and Chinese Responses

作　　者：韩秀丽[1] 张启扉 Han Xiuli;Zhang Qifei

机构地区：[1]厦门大学法学院非洲法与国际法研究中心 [2]厦门大学法学院

出　　处：《西亚非洲》2024年第5期3-21,151,152,共21页West Asia and Africa

基　　金：国家社科基金重大专项(21VGQ1013)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：非洲国家独立后,基于维护国家主权、谋求平等与公平之利益诉求,受到原宗主国法律体系的一定影响,以及在全球限制豁免主流趋势的席卷之下,大多由绝对豁免转向限制豁免立场。非洲国家限制豁免实践呈现不同形式,个别国家颁布了限制外国国家豁免的国内立法,部分国家采取限制外国国家豁免的司法实践,而更多国家则参与了包含限制豁免内容的国际条约。作为对外关系的重要方面,外国国家豁免会对国家间关系产生重要影响。对于中非合作而言,在双方共建高质量“一带一路”背景下,随着中非民商事交往日益紧密,非洲国家的限制豁免转向将对中非合作产生重要影响,尤其是将给中国主权性实体带来一定风险和挑战。鉴此,中方需关注非洲国家的国家豁免立场与实践新动向,基于维护中非友好合作的大局,在事前与事后两个维度加以应对。具体而言,一方面,中方应深入研究非洲国家豁免问题,积极与非洲国家就国家豁免开展国际立法、司法对话合作;另一方面,中国国有企业在非洲法院涉诉时,依据不同情况选择是否提出国家豁免抗辩,而中国政府及其分支机构在非洲法院涉诉时,应重视并充分利用外交意见机制,为大变局时代推进中非合作关系作出贡献。Since independence,African states,based on the interests of safeguarding national sovereignty and seeking equality and fairness,influenced by the legal systems of the suzerain states,as well as engulfed by the global mainstream trend of restrictive immunity,most of them have shifted from absolute immunity to restrictive immunity.The practices of restrictive immunity in those African states have taken different forms.Some states have enacted domestic law to restrict the immunity of foreign states,some states have adopted judicial practices to restrict the immunity of foreign countries,and more states have joined in international treaties that contain restrictive immunity clauses.As an important aspect of foreign relations,foreign state immunity can make a significant impact on relationships between different states.For China-Africa cooperation,in the context of joint construction of the high-quality“Belt and Road”by both sides,with the increasingly close civil and commercial exchanges between China and African states,the shift of African states to restrictive immunity will have an important impact on China-Africa cooperation,especially will bring certain risks and challenges to Chinese sovereign entities.In view of this,China needs to pay attention to the new trends in the stances and practices of African countries on state immunity,and respond in two dimensions:pre-prevention and post-response,based on the overall climate of maintaining friendly cooperation between China and Africa.Specifically,on the one hand,China should conduct in-depth investigation on the issue of state immunity in African states and actively cooperate with African states in international legislative and judicial dialogue and on state immunity;on the other hand,Chinese state-owned enterprises may choose whether to raise state immunity defenses based on different situations when they are sued in courts of African states,and the Chinese government and its branches should attach importance to and fully utilize the diplomatic opinion mechani

关 键 词：国家豁免 非洲 绝对豁免 限制豁免 中非合作 

分 类 号：D74[政治法律—政治学]