论集体法益保护之司法限制:以代替考试罪为视角  

On Judicial Restrictions of the Protection of Collective Legal Interests:A Perspective from the Crime of Surrogate Exam-Taking

作　　者：何群[1] 张书惠 HE Qun;ZHANG Shu-hui(Law School,Fuzhou University,Fuzhou Fujian 350108,China)

机构地区：[1]福州大学法学院,福建福州350108

出　　处：《太原理工大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第5期55-65,共11页Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究后期资助一般项目“微罪视域下之危险驾驶罪研究”(21JHQ076)。

摘　　要：在刑法扩张背景下,以保护集体法益为宗旨的罪名大量增加,从而令集体法益成为学界关注的焦点。集体法益固然需要保护,但却不能泛化打击面。代替考试罪符合集体法益犯罪的特征,具有集体法益犯罪之应然内涵,是研究集体法益犯罪出罪的突破口。在司法层面之所以有必要对集体法益保护进行限制,不仅是因为刑事司法活动需受到比例原则的恰当制约,而且基于集体法益自身的可恢复性特征,司法出罪并无碍于集体法益之保护。与此同时,治理法定犯时需要穷尽前置法保护措施,而非擅动刑柄。在限制路径方面,集体法益的司法保护需依次考察行为之规范违反幅度之量的要求与行为需罚性,并根据集体法益之可恢复性程度确定集体法益司法保护之力度。代替考试罪是微罪,其规范违反幅度很低,替考行为之犯罪对象、行为完成状态、犯罪动机与是否为惯犯共同决定着具体行为之需罚性。通过分析代替考试罪,可为其他集体法益犯罪之出罪进行指引与示范。Under the background of the expansion of criminal law,a large number of offenses aiming at protecting collective legal interest have been added,which has brought collective legal interests into a focus of academic attention.Although the protection of collective interests is essential,it should not lead to an excessive scope of punishment.The crime of surrogate exam-taking conforms to the characteristics of collective legal interests and proper connotations of collective legal interests,making it a critical point for exploring the decriminalization of such offenses.It is crucial to restrict the protection of collective legal interests at the judicial level,not only because criminal justice needs to be properly restricted by the proportionality principle,but also because collective legal interests has its characteristic of recoverability,implying that judicial decriminalization does not obstruct the protection of collective legal interests.Meanwhile,when dealing with legal offenders,it is necessary to exhaust the pre-criminal protection measures,rather than hastily resorting to criminal sanctions.In terms of restrictive paths,the judicial protection of collective legal interests should involve a sequential assessment of the extent of normative violations and the necessity of penalizing the behavior,and the determination of the intensity of judicial protection based on the degree of recoverability of collective legal interests.The crime of surrogate exam-taking is a minor offence with a low degree of criminal violation.The need to penalize such behaviors is determined by factors including the target of the crime,the completion state of the act,the motive of the crime,and whether it is a habitual offender.The analysis of the crime of surrogate exam-taking could be a guide and model for the decriminalization of other collective interest crimes.

关 键 词：集体法益 代替考试罪 司法限制 需罚性 

分 类 号：D924[政治法律—刑法学]