2024年夏收粮油作物生育期气象条件及其影响评估  

Report on Agrometeorological Conditions Analysis during Growing Season of Summer Harvest Crops in 2024

作　　者：郑昌玲 郭安红 赵运成 赵晓凤 何延波 ZHENG Chang-ling;GUO An-hong;ZHAO Yun-cheng;ZHAO Xiao-feng;HE Yan-bo(National Meteorological Center,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]国家气象中心,北京100081

出　　处：《中国农业气象》2024年第10期1247-1252,共6页Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology

基　　金：中国气象局气候变化专项(QBZ202403);创新发展专项(CXFZ2023J060)。

摘　　要：基于2024年夏收粮油作物主产区约1800个气象站逐日气象观测资料和295个农业气象站的农业气象观测资料,分析冬小麦和油菜生长季气候适宜度和灾害指数,评价气象条件对夏收粮油作物的利弊影响。结果表明:2023/2024年度冬小麦、油菜生育期内,产区大部光热充足,降水偏多,大部时段农田墒情适宜,晚霜冻、湿渍害和干旱等农业气象灾害影响偏轻。作物成熟收获阶段天气晴好,利于机械化麦收作业,进度较常年(1991-2020年)和2023年偏快,收获质量高。长江中下游地区2023/2024年度冬季多轮雨雪冻害、2024年春季阶段性阴雨及强对流天气等,不利于湘鄂等地油菜单产提高。总体上,冬小麦生长季内气象条件总体好于2022/2023年度,油菜生长季内气象条件接近2023年。Based on the measured data of about 1800 meteorological observation stations and 295 agrometeorological stations in the main production region of summer grain and oil crops in China from 2023 to 2024,the climate suitable index and disaster index were used to analyze the agrometeorological conditions in the growing season of major summer harvest crops,including winter wheat and rape.The results showed that there were sufficient thermal conditions and sunlight in the main production region during the winter wheat and rape growing season.At the same peirod,precipitation was excessive,while soil moisture conditions were suitable for crop growth and development.In addition,agricultural meteorological disasters such as late frosts,waterlogging damage and drought had relatively light effects.Crop diseases and pests were closely and effectively guarded against,so that they only occurred on a small scale.The weather during maturity stage was clear and favorable for mechanized wheat harvesting operations.The wheat harvest progresses faster than usual and ahead of the previous year(1991-2020),resulting in a high harvest quality.However,the increase in rapeseed yields had been affected by multiple rounds of rain,snow and freezing damage in winter,periodic cloudy rain in mid spring,and strong convective weather in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river,especially in Hunan and Hubei provinces.Overall,the winter wheat growing season was generally better than the previous with the higher climate suitability,while the meteorological conditions during the rape growing season were close to the 2023.

关 键 词：冬小麦 油菜 气象条件 气候适宜度 低温冻害 

分 类 号：S162.5[农业科学—农业气象学]