雷蒙德·卡佛的新现实主义写作与尼采式“虚无主义”出路探索的关系之辩  

On the Relationship between Raymond Carver's Neorealist Writing and the Overcoming of Nietzschean“Nihilism”

作　　者：高立新 

机构地区：[1]上海外国语大学英语学院

出　　处：《外国语文研究（辑刊）》2024年第2期240-250,共11页

摘　　要：雷蒙德·卡佛的短篇小说集《当我们谈论爱情时我们在谈论什么》如纪录片般展现了美国底层民众的现实生活,呈现出精简冷硬的文风,因此被冠以“极简主义”和“肮脏现实主义”的称号。卡佛的作品中,“酒”是呈现肮脏现实的重要意象,通过对比其诗歌中对“酒”的不同描写,可看出“酒”的意象内涵经历了从“酒神”到“酒鬼”的转变,这也反映出20世纪美国民众由充满希望到怀疑绝望的过程。自尼采宣布“上帝已死”,西方世界开启“人”作为主体性存在的非理性转向,20世纪可看作是尼采非理性哲学的实践历程。而美国民众心态的转变过程恰好体现出这一实践的失败,西方现代人以尼采的“酒神”精神作为反叛传统理性与道德束缚的良药的同时,却被物质享乐主义的价值观所裹挟,他们曾乐观拥抱的反叛力量正在走向“娱乐至死”“强权暴力”的境地。本文试图从哲学视角考察卡佛的新现实主义写作,论证其“与过去对现实的虚假想象相决裂”的写作方式,体现了其对尼采式“虚无主义”出路的思索和怀疑,由此实现对现实主义写作的革新。Raymond Carver's short story collection,What We Talk About When We Talk About Love,is a documentary show on the reality of the American underclass,with a stripped-down style that has earned him the moniker“minimalism”and“dirty realism”.In Carver's works,“wine”is a critical image presenting the dirty reality.By comparing the different descriptions of“wine”in his poems,it can be seen that the image connotation of“wine”has transformed“Dionysus”to“Drunkard”,which also reflects the process of American people from complete of hope to doubt and despair in the 20th century.Since Nietzsche declared“God is dead”,the Western world has started an irrationality turn with“man”becoming the highest subjective existence.The 20th century can be regarded as the practical course of Nietzsche's irrational philosophy.The change in the American people's mentality reflects this practice's failure.Western modern people took Nietzsche's“Dionysian Spirit”as good medicine to rebel against traditional rationality and moral bondage but found themselves bound by the values of material hedonism.The rebel forces they once embraced with optimism are moving them toward the situation of“entertainment to death”and“power violence”.This paper attempts to examine Carver's neo-realist writing from a philosophical perspective to demonstrate that his writing mode of“breaking with the false imagination of reality in the past”reflected his thinking and doubt on the overcoming of Nietzschean“nihilism”,and thus completed the innovation of realist writing.

关 键 词：雷蒙德·卡佛 尼采 酒神精神 新现实主义 虚无主义 

分 类 号：I712.074[文学—其他各国文学]