法院移植:都铎时期英格兰海事法庭审级与陪审制改革  

Legal Transplantation:Reforms of the Judicial Hierarchy and Jury of the Court of Admiralty in the Tudor Dynasty

作　　者：韩晨光 Han Chenguang

机构地区：[1]上海海事大学

出　　处：《国际社会科学杂志（中文版）》2024年第3期88-105,6,7,11,12,共22页International Social Science Journal（Chinese Edition）

摘　　要：海事法庭是英格兰法律史上适用欧陆民7内容提要法的独立法庭,但都铎政府对其移植了具有英美法特色的审级和陪审制。一方面,都铎时期建立起审级,审理上诉案件的资格成为国王可以授予的特权之一,以人(而非机构)为核心的上诉制度成为海事司法中审级制度的基础;另一方面,都铎时期建立起“海事陪审”制度,该制度的特点是无需申请令状、仅负责审判案件事实等,这使得使用陪审团的海事法庭独立于普通法体系。在功能和目的上,海事司法“审级”和海事陪审似乎都是“失败”的;但若以现代各类评判法律移植是否成功的标准来看,它们却似乎又是“成功”的。回归比较法与法律移植理论,这种“成功”可以论证以司法能动性或法院能动性为核心的“法院移植论”的可行性,在其指导下,可以为解决当下部门法发展过程中面临的法律移植问题提供新的思路。The Court of admiralty is an independent tribunal that applies civil law in English legal history.How to understand the Tudor dynasty's design of its judicial hierarchy and jury has been controversial for a long time.On the one hand,during the Tudor period,the judicial hierarchy was established,and the qualification to hear appeals became one of the privileges that the king could grant.The appeal system centered on people,not institutions,established a judicial hierarchy in maritime justice.On the other hand,during the Tudor period,a system of"maritime jury"was established,which has the characteristics of not needing to apply for a warrant and only being responsible for trial facts.The Court of Admiralty using juries is still independent of the common law system.Both are attempts in England to transplant specific procedures in the civil law or common law system.In terms of function and purpose,maritime"judicial hierarchy"and maritime jury seem to be"failures";but according to various modern standards for judging the success of legal transplantation,they all seem to be"successful."Returning to the theory of comparative law and legal transplantation,this""success"can demonstrate the feasibility of the"court transplantation theory"centered on judicial initiative or court initiative.Transplantation issues provide new ideas.

关 键 词：法律移植 上诉案件 陪审制 审级 案件事实 上诉制度 部门法 都铎时期 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]