朝鲜王朝对明朝先皇宾天的礼仪回应与外交表达  

An Analysis of Joseon Dynasty’s Ceremonial Responses and Diplomatic Expressions of the Mourning of the Former Emperor of Ming Dynasty

作　　者：王伟 Wang Wei(Qiqihar City,Qiqihar University,161006)

机构地区：[1]齐齐哈尔大学文学与历史文化学院,齐齐哈尔161006

出　　处：《东疆学刊》2024年第4期23-33,143,144,共13页Dongjiang Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目《明代士大夫家书与家国观研究》,项目编号:21FZSB079。

摘　　要：朝鲜王朝建国后主动纳入明朝主导的东亚朝贡-册封体系,对明朝“至诚事大”,礼仪一遵中华正统,体现了高度的文化认同与自觉,先皇宾天服丧礼仪谨遵明朝丧礼服制。朝鲜王朝为永乐帝服丧期间,确立了“闻丧即举哀”的礼制规则,修订举哀、成服、举临、释服的基本仪注。但在后世遵行期间,为避免明朝对朝鲜获知大行消息渠道的外交误会,往往在讣告公文到达王京日才行“举哀”礼,体现了“礼仪从权”的外交考量。朝鲜王朝祭奠明帝丧礼经历了三个阶段的演变:洪武至正统期间,朝鲜朝对明帝宾天的祭奠是草创成文与规范遵行,取法中华礼制,履行藩国义务;成化至正德期间,朝鲜朝对明帝的祭奠是流于程式、偶有敷衍,力图弱化明朝影响力,王权自主性意识增强;嘉靖至天启期间,朝鲜王朝在“宗系辩诬”和“壬辰倭乱”中获得国家利益,对明朝先帝的祭奠政治色彩浓厚,更重外交表达。朝鲜王朝对明帝的祭奠思想文化,根源于程朱理学在朝鲜朝的逐渐独尊,朝鲜朝士人视明朝为理学之正源,“士林派”在祭奠明帝宾天中的文化认同感逐渐增强,最终汇流为明清鼎革后朝鲜王朝的“小中华”意识。After its foundation,Joseon dynasty took the initiative to incorporate itself into the East Asian tribute and enfeoffment system dominated by the Ming dynasty,and it was sincere and loyal to the Ming dynasty.Its rituals complied with the Chinese orthodoxies,reflecting a high degree of cultural identification and selfconsciousness,and its mourning rituals for the former Emperor followed the funeral ritual system of the Ming dynasty.During the mourning period for Emperor Yongle,Joseon dynasty established the ritual rule of“starting mourning on hearing of the news of death”and revised the basic rituals of mourning,wearing the mourning clothes,condoling,and the proper moment to take off the mourning clothes.However,during the period of compliance in later times,in order to avoid the diplomatic misunderstanding of the Ming dynasty about the channels through which the Joseon dynasty was informed of the news,the mourning ritual was often performed only on the day when the obituary document arrived at the royal capital,which embodied the diplomatic consideration that“rituals are subordinate to the power”.The mourning rites of the Joseon dynasty for the Ming emperor went through three stages of evolution.During the period from Hongwu to Zhengtong,the Joseon dynasty’s mourning procedure of the former Ming emperor was drafted and standardized,and it followed the Chinese rituals and fulfilled the obligations of the vassal state.During the period from Chenghua to Zhengde,the Joseon dynasty’s mourning of the former Ming emperor took a perfunctory attitude;it attempted to weaken the Ming dynasty’s influence,and the Joseon dynasty’s autonomy sense of the king’s power was enhanced.During the period from Jiajing to Tianqi,the Joseon dynasty gained national interests from the“clan defense”and the“Imjin Japanese invasion,”and the mourning of the Ming emperor were highly political and emphasized on diplomatic expressions.The ideological and cultural roots of the Joseon dynasty’s commemoration of the late M

关 键 词：明朝 先帝 朝鲜王朝 祭奠礼 小中华意识 

分 类 号：K312.34[历史地理—历史学]