继承危机与二世亡秦  

Succession Crisis and the Rapid Collapse of Qin Dynasty

作　　者：陈侃理[1] Chen Kanli

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国古代史研究中心,北京100871

出　　处：《文史哲》2024年第5期44-50,165,共8页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：“古文字与中华文明传承发展工程”项目“北京大学藏秦汉简牍整理与研究(G1404)”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：皇帝权力越大、专制程度越高,继承就越潜藏危机。秦始皇作为历史上最为专制独裁的皇帝之一,他与秦二世之间的权力更迭尤为困难,其突然死亡又加重了这种困难。种种迹象表明,秦二世面临着严峻的合法性危机,促使他即位后采取了一系列残酷、反常的措施。为强调其合法性来源,秦二世一面极力尊崇、模仿始皇,延续其暴政,一面又作出优抚吏民的姿态,反映出在继承危机中的两难处境。然而,秦始皇在征服六国中形成的近乎神圣的卡里斯玛权威终究未能成功传递。秦二世为维持“神性”而退居深宫,反使大权旁落,朝政失控,加速了秦朝统治的崩溃。二世亡秦作为一个极端的例证,表明继承危机是内在于君主专制政体中的“遗传病”。The greater the emperor's power and the higher degree of autocracy is,the deeper crisis of succession it hides.The First Emperor of Qin is one of the most autocratic emperors in history,and the power transfer between him and the Second Emperor was particularly difficult,and such difficulty was compounded by his sudden death.All signs show that Huhai was faced with a serious crisis of legitimacy,which prompted him to take a series of cruel and abnormal measures after he ascended the throne.In order to emphasize the source of his legitimacy,the Second Emperor greatly respected and imitated the First Emperor to continue his tyranny,and on the other hand,he made a gesture to appease the subjects,reflecting his dilemma in the succession crisis.However,the near-sacred charisma authority that the First Emperor had formed during the defeat of the six kingdoms,was never passed on successfully.The Second Emperor hid himself deeply into the palace to maintain the“divinity”,but made the power passed into other's hands and the state affairs out of control,which accelerated the collapse of the dynasty.The rapid fall of Qin in only two generations acts as an extreme example to witness the succession crisis to be a“genetic disease”inherent in absolute monarchy.

关 键 词：秦始皇 秦二世 皇权 继承 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K233[政治法律—中外政治制度]