攀附“周制”:北周祖宗的择定及其庙制的构建  

Clinging to the“System of Zhou”:The Selection of Ancestors by the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Construction of Temple System

作　　者：赵永磊 Zhao Yonglei

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学历史学院,北京100086

出　　处：《文史哲》2024年第5期51-65,166,共16页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“礼学、政治与唐代郊庙礼制变迁研究”(20CZS018)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：北周庙制由四庙加隆为“天子七庙”,其构建历程映照出魏周革命以后行用《周礼》并非仅仅在北周初年,而是北周长期奉行的文化正统策略。君主庙号彰显出君主明显的神性特征,北周以君主是否具备祖、宗庙号作为判别是否为不祧庙的唯一标准,三不祧庙为不朽先祖的象征。为赋予功业显著的太祖宇文泰、高祖宇文邕以不祧地位,北周极力塑造宇文泰兼容神圣、武功、受命帝、周文王等政治形象于一身,宇文邕则具有显赫的神圣形象。而北周不以开国之君孝闵帝为不祧先祖,反以继体之君明帝为不毁庙,究其原因,在于宇文护废弑孝闵帝、明帝,降格孝闵帝为略阳公,明帝顺次晋升为北周首位君主,北周武帝虽为孝闵帝平反昭雪,但已立明帝为不祧先祖,并分割宇文泰的受命帝形象,刻意塑造明帝为受命帝。北周不断调试其现实制度与“周制”间的关联,在“母以子贵”的政治观念主导下,北周武帝巧妙融合《毛诗》“■宫惟远”的古训及东晋故事为一体,创造出文宣太后独占一室的“非驴非马”新制,充分传达出北周攀附“周制”的政治文化诉求。The ancestral temple system of the Northern Zhou dynasty was expanded from four to seven temples,and the establishing process showed the long-held cultural orthodox strategy of clinging to the Rites of Zhou after the Wei-Zhou revolution.The monarch's temple title had distinct characteristics of divinity.The Northern Zhou dynasty used the possession of temple titles as the sole criterion for determining whether it was a never-moved temple,and the Three Never-moved Temples symbolized the immortal ancestors.To immortalize Yuwen Tai(Emperor Taizu)and Yuwen Yong(Emperor Gaozu)who had gained superb achievements,the Northern Zhou court meticulously crafted Yuwen Tai's image as a unity of sanctity,military achievements,heaven-authorized emperor,and the King Wen of Zhou;while Yuwen Yong possessed a distinguished sacred image.Northern Zhou did not immortalize Emperor Xiaomin,yet honored Emperor Mingdi as a never-moved temple instead,which lies in the actions of Yuwen Hu who deposed and assassinated Emperor Xiaomin and Emperor Mingdi.Emperor Xiaomin was downgraded to the Duke of Lüeyang,making Emperor Ming the first ruler of the Northern Zhou dynasty.Although Emperor Wudi later exonerated Emperor Xiaomin,Emperor Ming had already been established as the immortal ancestor and Yuwen Tai's imperial mandate image was divided,deliberately creating Emperor Mingdi's mandate.Northern Zhou continuously adjusted the connection between practical systems and the System of Zhou,which effectively expressed Northern Zhou's political and cultural aspiration of clinging to the System of Zhou.

关 键 词：北周 受命帝 文宣太后 《周礼》 君权观念 

分 类 号：K239.25[历史地理—历史学]