隋唐宾礼探故  

A New Research on Rites Concerning Guests in the Sui and Tang Dynasties

作　　者：尹承[1] Yin Cheng

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学历史文化学院,山东济南250358

出　　处：《文史哲》2024年第5期81-94,166,167,共16页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：传统中国的宾礼至隋唐始成为王朝外交文化的一部分,它是皇帝专门迎接、接见与宴会蕃国主与使者的仪式。此前中古时期,宾礼按照儒家经义分为了两条线索,其一对象仅为诸侯,其二则含廷臣。隋唐延续了北朝的传统,隋初有附庸的梁国为其诸侯,至唐则以宾礼待“四夷”。《开元礼》规定了宾礼的范围与仪式,其文本定型于隋开皇初,各篇大都整体来自古礼的格套,体现了中国礼制设计传统的基本价值取向。正因如此,这种与王朝现实政治运行关系较为密切的礼仪项目,越是依照古礼的格套来设计,就越远离现实和实用性。在唐代的历史上,另有制度安排来承担宾礼的功能,即其所以待臣僚之制,包括常朝仪制与宴群臣之会。这意味着不论谁来见皇帝,相关的安排都是大致相同的,这是管理上最为方便的形式。唐代宾礼仪式既不反映唐朝与周边诸政权的外交关系或实力对比,也不表示唐朝概以君臣关系处理对外交往,而且宾礼仪式本身的变化不与国际格局的变动直接对应,而只依从于皇帝制度本身的变动。后来不同程度袭用唐式宾礼的宋、辽、夏等政权,则造成了有唐宾礼一统东部欧亚的创局。The rites concerning guests used by the emperor to receive and entertain the ambassadors of a vassal state did not become a part of the culture of dynamic diplomacy until the Sui and Tang dynasties.Before the Sui and Tang dynasties,this ritual took two forms according to Confucian tradition,one for the vassals of the vassal states,and the other for the officials within the court.The guest ritual of Sui and Tang dynasties continued the tradition of the Northern dynasties.The content of Kaiyuan Rituals was first formed during the Kaihuang period of the Sui dynasty,which reflected the basic values of the ancient Chinese ritual system.Given that these rituals were closely related to the politics of the time,the more constrained they were by ancient ritual traditions,the less practical they would be.The Tang dynasty,however,devised a separate system to undertake the function of guest ritual,that is,the ritual of entertaining officials.This means that all arrangements were pretty much the same for the emperor,no matter who he received.This ritual did not reflect the relation of Tang dynasty with other countries,nor did it reflect changes in international relations.The Song,Liao,and Western Xia regimes all followed the guest rituals of the Tang dynasty to varying degrees,thus created a situation that the guest rituals of the Tang dynasty were used throughout Eastern Eurasia.

关 键 词：《大唐开元礼》 外交文化 常朝制度 《仪礼》 

分 类 号：K242[历史地理—历史学] K241[历史地理—中国史] K892.9