从防止“影射盐货”到监控“盐之通塞”——明代两淮盐区的退引制度  

From Preventing“Salt Smuggling”to Monitoring“Salt Flow and Distribution”:The Salt Yin Rebate System in the Lianghuai Salt Regions during the Ming Dynasty

作　　者：胡剑波 HU Jianbo

机构地区：[1]贵州师范大学历史与政治学院

出　　处：《盐业史研究》2024年第3期40-50,共11页Salt Industry History Research

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“明清盐政与边疆治理研究”(项目编号:23&ZD245)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：明初官府为了打击私盐,防止盐商“影射盐货”,建立了退引制度。不过,由于缺乏强制力,该制度形同虚设。弘治十四年(1501)两淮巡盐御史冯允中实行改革,开始为各行盐地方分配盐引额度,并对行盐地方官员实行退引考成。此后,经过多次改革,退引收缴情况与各行盐地方官员的仕途紧密联系在一起,迫使他们承担起追缴退引的任务。同时,朝廷为行盐地方分配盐引额度遵从“反馈—修正”模式,在与行盐地方官员的不断互动中,制定出较为符合实际的盐引额。明后期,官府已经通过退引制度来监控“盐之通塞”,了解各行盐地方食盐的实际销售状况。退引制度功能的转变,使得明后期官府掌握了比明前中期更为精确的食盐市场信息,有助于各项盐政决策的施行。In the early Ming Dynasty,the government established the salt sales licence(yin)rebate system to combat illicit salt trade and prevent merchants from“smuggling”salt.However,due to its lack of enforcement,the system was largely ineffective.In the 14th year of the Hongzhi reign(1501),Feng Yunzong,the inspector of salt in the Lianghuai regions,implemented reforms by allocating salt quotas to various salt-producing areas and introducing performance-based rebate assessments for local salt officials.Subsequent reforms further linked the collection of rebated salt yin to the career prospects of local salt officials,compelling them to actively pursue salt yin rebate collection.Additionally,the court adopted a“feedback—revision”model for allocating salt quotas,refining the quotas through ongoing interaction with local officials.By the late Ming period,the government used the rebate system to monitor“salt flow and distribution”,gaining insights into the actual salt sales conditions in various regions.This transformation of the rebate system enabled the government to obtain more accurate market information about salt in the late Ming period compared to the early and mid-Ming periods,aiding in more informed salt policy decisions.

关 键 词：两淮盐区 退引制度 行盐地方 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]