从说文解字说起——楔形文字造字、用字、解字刍议  

From the Perspective of Analytical Dictionary of Characters--A Brief Discussion on the Writing,Use,and Interpretation of Cuneiform Script

作　　者：拱玉书[1] GONG Yu-shu

机构地区：[1]北京大学,北京100871

出　　处：《青海民族研究》2024年第3期1-12,共12页Qinghai Journal of Ethnology

摘　　要：“说文解字”这个概念是中国古人提出的,但这种做法最早见于楔形文字文献。像汉字一样,苏美尔楔形文字属于表意文字,每个字都是一个具有形、音、义的独立存在。中国古代有“独体为文,合体为字”的界定,这个界定也适用于苏美尔楔形文字。在苏美尔人发明的800多个楔形文字中,大约一半是“文”(单体字),而另一半是“字”(复合字),楔文说文解字基本是针对“字”而发的。十四种解(复合)“字”的表述方式体现了十四种造“字”方法。“文”都是通过象形造字法产生的。十四种造“字”法,一种造“文”法,合起来构成楔文十五种造“文”与“字”的方法。中国古人总结的象形、指事、会意、形声造字法基于道,而楔文十四种造“字”法基于术。基于道的造字法可以含盖所有基于术的造字法。Shuwen Jiezi(说文解字,Explaining Simple Logograms and Compound Logograms)was a term coined by ancient Chinese scholars,but this kind of practice already existed in cuneiform writing long before that term existed in China.The Sumerian cuneiform writing system,just like the Chinese writing system,is logographic,by which one character stands for one independent word with its own form,pronunciation and meaning.In ancient China,there existed a distinction between simple logograms(文)and compound logograms(字).This binary system is also applicable to the Sumerian writing system.Among the roughly 800 logograms invented by the Sumerians around 3200 BCE,approximately one half are simple logograms,the other half are compound logograms.The Sumerian explanations of characters in terms of their structure(equivalent to Shuwen Jiezi)directed mainly to the compound logograms.From these explanations,we can see that the Sumerian compound logograms and some of the simple logograms can be divided into fourteen types,which reflect,in turn,fourteen principles employed for their creation from the outset.Unlike the compound logograms,all the simple logograms are created according to the pictographic principle.With this principle added to the fourteen principles employed for creating compound logograms,we obtain a total of fifteen principles for character creation in the cuneiform writing.From a comparative perspective,it can be said that Liu Shu(六书,the six principles for character creation proposed by ancient Chinese scholars)are based on DAO(道),while the fifteen principles employed by the Sumerians in character creation are based on SHU(术).The DAO-based principles include naturally the SHU-based principles.owever,it should be noted that Tao-based character creation can encompass all technique-based approaches to character formation.

关 键 词：楔形文字 造字法 楔形文字中的“六书” 单体字 复合字 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]