日本商法财源规制制度考  

Study on Distribution Regulation of Japan Commercial Law

作　　者：郜俊辉 GAO Junhui

机构地区：[1]日本早稻田大学法学研究科

出　　处：《经贸法律评论》2024年第5期36-52,共17页Business and Economic Law Review

摘　　要：《日本商法》自制定之初便移植大陆法系的规定,建立了以资产负债表为计算基础的财源规制模式,并维持至今。在不改变基本模式的前提之下,《日本商法》不断因应会计学的发展与经济形势的变化,改进财源规制的计算形式与实质规则。在计算形式上,《日本商法》最开始采取了以公司利润为计算起点的扣减式,后来为了消除该计算公式中“公司亏损”这一概念的模糊性,于1962年改为了以公司净资产为计算起点的扣减式。2005年《日本公司法》在建立统一的财源规制的同时,改为了以剩余金为计算起点的累加式。在实质规则上,日本一方面受会计学上的“区分原则”影响,在1950年明确区分了资本公积金和盈余公积金,在2005年更进一步区分了资本剩余金与盈余剩余金。另一方面,为应对泡沫经济崩溃,日本从放松股份回购的财源规制入手,制定《股份注销特例法》以允许公司使用公积金回购股份,并最终彻底修改《日本商法》,增设公积金减少制度及废除对公积金用途的限制。此种在维持资本维持模式下的渐进式改革,或许可以作为借鉴,成为我国财源规制立法的第三条道路。When Japan Commercial Law was first formulated,it transplanted the provisions of the civil law system and established a distribution regulation model based on the balance sheet,which has been maintained until now.Without changing the basic model,Japan Commercial Law continues to improve the form and rules of distribution regulation in response to the development of accounting and economy.Japan Commercial Law initially adopted a deduction formula based on company profits.To eliminate the ambiguity of the concept of“company losses”,in 1962 it adopted a deduction formula based on the company’s net assets.In 2005,Japan Company Law established unified financial resource regulations,and changed to adopt a cumulative formula based on residual funds.Influenced by the principle of“distinction between capital and profit”,Japan clearly distinguished capital reserve and profit reserve in 1950,distinguished the capital surplus fund and the profit surplus in 2005.In response to the collapse of bubble economy,Japan relaxed financial regulations on share repurchases and enacted a special law on share cancellation to allow companies to use capital reserve to repurchase shares.And finally,Japan Commercial Law was completely revised,adding a reserve fund reduction system and abolishing restrictions on the use of it.This kind of progressive reform under the capital maintenance model may become the third path for the regulation of China Company Law.

关 键 词：财源规制 资本公积金 盈余公积金 股份回购 日本商法 

分 类 号：D931.339.9[政治法律—法学]