灌溉施肥频率和数量对设施辣椒水肥利用效率和土壤盐分累积的影响  

Effects of Frequency and Amount of Irrigation Fertilization on Water and Fertilizer Use Efficiency and Soil Salinity Accumulation in Facility Peppers

作　　者：庞忠俊 吕昊峰 唐冰冰 季泓旭 梁斌[1] PANG Zhongjun;LÜHaofeng;TANG Bingbing;JI Hongxu;LIANG Bin(College of Resources and Environment,Qingdao Agricultural University,Qingdao 266109,Shandong,China;College of Resources and Environment,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China)

机构地区：[1]青岛农业大学资源与环境学院,山东青岛266109 [2]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193

出　　处：《中国蔬菜》2024年第10期57-64,共8页China Vegetables

基　　金：山东省重点研发计划项目(2021CXGC010801);山东省自然科学基金青年项目(ZR2021QC132)。

摘　　要：针对设施蔬菜生产过程中过量灌溉施肥导致的水肥利用效率低和土壤次生盐渍化等问题,以辣椒品种新瑞为试验材料,应用基于土壤水分原位监测的智能精准滴灌施肥技术,设置4个灌溉施肥处理,即传统滴灌+传统施肥量(WhFh)、高频滴灌+传统施肥量(WlFh)、传统滴灌+优化施肥量(WhFl)、高频滴灌+优化施肥量(WlFl),探究不同灌溉施肥处理对设施辣椒产量、生长指标、水肥利用效率、土壤矿质态氮和盐分累积的影响。结果表明:WlFl处理灌溉量和施肥量分别比WhFh处理降低29.9%和50.0%,对辣椒产量无显著影响,但叶面积增加63.6%,根、茎、叶干质量分别增加29.5%、29.7%、24.0%,均差异显著。此外,WlFl处理N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O回收利用率显著增加,比WhFh处理增加50.9、27.2、46.2百分点。与传统滴灌相比,高频滴灌处理灌溉水淋失量降低44.7%~66.4%,水分利用率提高14.5~15.9百分点。与传统施肥处理相比,优化施肥处理土壤表层水溶性盐含量降低21.4%~34.7%,土壤矿质态氮累积量降低55.1%~70.0%。综上所述,高频滴灌+优化施肥处理可大幅降低水肥投入和渗漏损失,显著提高水肥利用率,降低土壤矿质态氮和水溶性盐累积,对设施蔬菜绿色可持续生产具有重要意义。To address low water and fertilizer use efficiency and soil secondary salinization from excessive irrigation and fertilization in facility vegetable production,we tested pepper variety‘Xinrui’using intelligent,precise drip irrigation and fertilization technology based on in-situ soil moisture monitoring.We implemented four treatments:traditional drip irrigation+traditional fertilizer(WhFh),high-frequency drip irrigation+traditional fertilizer(WlFh),traditional drip irrigation+optimized fertilizer(WhFl),and high-frequency drip irrigation+optimized fertilizer(WlFl).We examined the effects of these treatments on yield,growth indices,water and fertilizer use efficiency,soil mineral nitrogen,and salt accumulation.Results showed that WlFl treatment reduced irrigation and fertilizer application by 29.9%and 50.0%,respectively,compared to WhFh,with no impact on pepper yield.However,leaf area increased by 63.6%,and the dry mass of roots,stems,and leaves rose by 29.5%,29.7%,and 24.0%,respectively.Additionally,N,P_(2)O_(5),and K_(2)O recovery in WlFl increased by 50.9,27.2,and 46.2 percentage points compared to WhFh.High-frequency drip irrigation reduced water loss by 44.7%to 66.4%and increased water utilization by 14.5-15.9 percentage points compared to traditional drip irrigation.Optimized fertilization treatments reduced soil surface water-soluble salt content by 21.4%to 34.7%and soil mineral nitrogen accumulation by 55.1%to 70.0%compared to traditional fertilization.In summary,high-frequency drip irrigation combined with optimized fertilization significantly reduced water and fertilizer inputs and seepage losses,improved water and fertilizer utilization,and reduced soil mineral nitrogen and water-soluble salt accumulation,contributing to the green and sustainable production of facility vegetables.

关 键 词：灌溉施肥 设施辣椒 生长发育 水肥利用 土壤盐分 

分 类 号：S641.3[农业科学—蔬菜学] S626[农业科学—园艺学]