马克思《博士论文》的背景性考察及自由观问题——对“自我意识”哲学的一种批判性复兴  

A Contextualization of Marx's Doctoral Dissertation and the Problem of the Freedom Concept——A Critical Revival of the Philosophy of Self-Consciousness

作　　者：栾文娟 LUAN Wen-juan(School of Marxism,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学马克思主义学院,北京100084

出　　处：《华北电力大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第5期1-10,共10页Journal of North China Electric Power University(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：“三月革命前时期”(Vormärz)是德国历史上的一个特殊时期,这一时期是德国自由被严重束缚的时代。它与希腊化时期在社会历史与思想上具有一定的错时空相似,这种相似性使得“自我意识”成为当时知识分子的思想源泉,并成为青年黑格尔派思想家们趋之若鹜的概念。同时,黑格尔学派解体则为代表自由的自我意识提供了高扬的土壤,进而为马克思对自我意识哲学进行研究提供了理论契机。在这样的背景下,深受青年黑格尔派影响的马克思精准地把握时代脉搏,在其《博士论文》中对希腊化时期的两位原子论哲学家进行了深入的对比,解答了自由如何在“自我意识”哲学中成为可能,以及自由如何实现等问题。虽然,40年代早期的马克思也正处于思想转变时期,但是与鲍威尔等“自我意识”哲学家不同的是,此时马克思在“自我意识”的具体规定性、思维与存在、哲学与现实的关系上提出了独特的见解,从而形成了具有马克思主义雏形的自由思想,这是马克思在自由被束缚的时代的思考与呐喊,也是马克思对唯物主义的最初关切。The"Vormärz"is a special period in German history,a time when German freedom was severely restricted.It is similar to the Hellenistic period in terms of social history and ideology,and this similarity makes"self-consciousness"a source of intellectual thought and a concept that the young Hegelian thinkers were attracted to,while the dissolution of the Hegelian school provided the soil for the exaltation of self-consciousness,which represents freedom,and in turn,provided a theoretical opportunity for the Marx's study of the philosophy of self-consciousness.Against this background,Marx,who was deeply influenced by the Young Hegelians,accurately grasped the pulse of the times,and in his Doctoral Dissertation made an in-depth comparison between the two anatomist in the Hellenistic period,and answered the questions of how freedom was possible in the philosophy of"self-consciousness"and how freedom could be realized.Although Marx was also in a period of ideological transformation in the early 1940s,unlike Bruno Bauer and other"self-conscious"philosophers,Marx put forward unique insights into the specificity of"self-consciousness",the relationship between thought and existence,and philosophy and reality.This is Marx's thinking and shouting in the era when freedom was bound,and also Marx's initial concern for materialism.

关 键 词：马克思 《博士论文》 自我意识 原子论 自由观 

分 类 号：B0-0[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学] A811[哲学宗教—哲学理论]