中国南极医学研究进展与展望  

Progress and prospects of Chinese Antarctic medical research

作　　者：徐成丽[1,2] XU Chengli(United Laboratory of Polar Medical Sciences,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100005,China;Center of Environmental and Health Sciences,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100005,China)

机构地区：[1]中国医学科学院基础医学研究所,极地医学联合实验室,北京100005 [2]中国医学科学院,环境与健康研究中心,北京100005

出　　处：《极地研究》2024年第3期486-495,共10页Chinese Journal of Polar Research

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划(2012CB518200);国家自然科学基金面上项目(82271912,81071615,30670783,30370537);南北极环境综合考察与评估专项(CHINARE 02-01);国际极地年中国行动计划(1511012602);中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程重大协同创新项目(2021-I2M-1-022,2017-I2M-1-009,2016-I2M-1-005);中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(2018PT21029,2017PT31009,2016ZX310181)资助。

摘　　要：南极是地球上气候环境最恶劣的地区之一,人类在南极极端环境下如何生存与适应是南极医学研究的主要内容。本文重点综述了近20年我国南极医学研究及科考队员选拔研究和相关标准研制进展,主要包括:(1)科考队员在南极越冬条件下,易发生昼夜节律失同步和睡眠紊乱、免疫-神经-内分泌网络调节失衡、负性情绪增加等症状;(2)科考队员在南极内陆环境下,易发生急性高原病、心肺功能降低、睡眠障碍、疲劳等负性情绪增加等症状;(3)血氧饱和度低、急性高原反应症状分度评分增加、心电传导阻滞、负性情绪增加等是筛查内陆科考预选队员低氧易感个体的敏感指标;(4)制定了目前极地医学唯一的国家行业标准《极地考察队员岗前体格检查要求》(HY/T236—2018),为科学规范选拔队员提供了医学指导准则。今后应继续开展我国南极考察队员在极端环境下应激适应、代偿和损伤的生理病理变化及其机制研究,为考察队员的选拔、适应、防护、站务管理和有关政策制定等提供科学建议。Antarctica is one of the places with the most extreme climates on Earth.How humans survive and adapt to the extreme environments in Antarctica is the main focus of Antarctic medical research.This review fo-cuses on the progress of Chinese Antarctic medical research,the selection of expeditioners,and the formula-tion of relevant standards during the recent 20 years.The main achievements are as follows:(1)Under the condition of Antarctic overwintering,expeditioners may experience desynchronization of circadian rhythm,sleep disruptions,immune-neuroendocrine network dysregulation,and increased negative moods;(2)Under the environment of Antarctic inland,expeditioners may occur acute altitude sickness(AMS),decreased car-diovascular and pulmonary function,sleep disorders,and increased negative moods,such as fatigue;(3)Low blood oxygen saturation,increased AMS scores,cardiac conduction block,and increased negative moods are sensitive indicators for identifying hypoxia susceptible pre-selected inland expeditioners;(4)The only na-tional industry standard for polar medicine,“The requirements of pre-departure physical examination for polar expeditioners”(HY/T 236—2018),was formulated,which provides key technical support for the scien-tific and standardized selection of expeditioners.In the future,we should continue to study the physiological and pathological changes and mechanisms of stress,adaptation,compensation,and injury of Chinese Ant-arctic expeditioners under extreme environments,providing scientific suggestions for the selection,adapta-tion,protection,station management,and related policy formulation of expeditioners.

关 键 词：南极医学 越冬 冰盖高原低氧 生理心理 适应 选拔 

分 类 号：R188.13[医药卫生—流行病学]