行政法上的罚款及其法体系拘束  

Fines in Administrative Law and Their Legal System Constraints

作　　者：高秦伟 Gao Qinwei

机构地区：[1]中山大学法学院

出　　处：《荆楚法学》2024年第4期53-65,共13页Jingchu Law Review

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“法治政府建设的程序立法研究”(项目批准号:22JJD820026)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：行政法上的罚款是行政机关运用最为广泛的规制手段,对其合法、合理加以规范成为法治政府建设中的重要内容。面对立法中罚款设定不合理、实施中畸轻畸重、执法监督缺乏合力的困境,需要从学理上建立“设定—实施—监督”三阶论加以探究。进而分析设定、实施的考量因素,如可引入规制影响分析机制回答是否设定以及如何设定罚款的疑问;可细化罚款裁量考量因素,指导行政机关在个案中对违法行为所生影响、责难程度、不法所得以及经济状况等要素加以灵活运用。行政法上罚款的监督机制之间要相互协调,更应在系统纠偏上发挥作用。未来,应对行政法上罚款的功能再反思,特别是要重新审视对组织予以高额行政罚款的意义及全面保护消费者观念之间的平衡问题,构建替代性的机制并丰富规制工具,在法体系拘束之下,确保行政法上的义务得以全面履行。Fines in administrative law are the most widely used regulatory means by administrative agencies,and regulating their legality and rationality has become an important part of the construction of a rule of law government.Faced with the dilemma of unreasonable fine setting in legislation,uneven implementation,and lack of joint law enforcement supervision,it is necessary to establish a three-stage theory of"setting implementation supervision"from a theoretical perspective for research,and analyze the factors considered in setting and implementing.For example,a regulatory impact analysis mechanism can be introduced to answer the questions of whether to set and how to set fines.Further refinement of the factors to consider in the discretion of fines can guide administrative agencies to flexibly apply factors such as the impact,degree of blame,illegal gains,and economic conditions of illegal acts in individual cases.The supervision mechanisms for fines in administrative law should coordinate with each other and play a role in systematic correction.In the future,the function of fines in administrative law should be reconsidered,especially the balance between the significance of imposing high administrative fines on organizations and the concept of comprehensive consumer protection.Alternative mechanisms should be constructed and regulatory tools should be enriched to ensure that obligations under administrative law are fully fulfilled under the constraints of the legal system.

关 键 词：罚款 行政处罚 执行罚 规制影响分析 裁量 法体系 

分 类 号：D922.11[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]