人口红利向人才红利转变的政治经济学分析——基于国际分工的不平等交换视角  

A Political Economics Analysis of the Transformation from Demographic Dividend to Talent Dividend--From the Perspective of Unequal Exchange in the International Division of Labor

作　　者：楼俊超 金哲汗 Lou Jun-chao;Jin Zhe-han

机构地区：[1]浙江大学马克思主义理论创新与传播研究中心

出　　处：《经济学家》2024年第10期54-63,共10页Economist

摘　　要：中国的人口红利得益于改革开放的经济体制改革。改革开放后,大量农村人口涌入城市,构成庞大的产业后备军,为经济发展提供了大量劳动力。但随着劳动力再生产成本提高,中国的生育率逐渐下降,人口红利正在消失。不过,中国长期的人口红利为人才红利的培育提供了坚实基础。中国的人口红利是国际分工的产物,在不平等交换的视角下,实际上将中国置于国际交换中的劣势地位。本文从国际分工的不平等交换切入,剖析了人口红利和人才红利的实质,指明只有从依靠劳动力数量的人口红利转向依靠劳动力质量的人才红利,才能根本改善中国的经济发展前景。因此,必须培养创新型人才,优化创业环境,提高教育质量,倡导终身学习,完善人才政策,加强思想教育,优化产业结构,实现人尽其才,以期推动人口红利向人才红利转变。China's demographic dividend benefits from the economic system reform since the reform and opening up.After the reform and opening up,a large number of rural population flooded into cities,forming a huge industrial reserve force and providing a large number of labor force for economic development.As the cost of labor reproduction increases,China's fertility rate is gradually declining,and the demographic dividend is disappearing.However,China's demographic dividend provides a solid foundation for cultivating talent dividends.China's demographic dividend is a product of international division of labor,from the perspective of unequal exchange,it actually puts China at a disadvantage in international exchange.This article starts from the unequal exchange of international division of labor,analyzes the essence of the demographic dividend and talent dividend,and points out that only by shifting from the demographic dividend relying on the quantity of labor to the talent dividend relying on the quality of labor can China's economic development prospects be fundamentally improved.Therefore,in order to promote the transformation from demographic dividend to talent dividend,it is necessary to cultivate innovative talents,optimize the entrepreneurial environment,improve the quality of education,advocate lifelong learning,improve talent policies,strengthen ideological education,optimize industrial structure,and achieve the full utilization of talents.

关 键 词：人口红利 人才红利 不平等交换 国际分工 

分 类 号：F124[经济管理—世界经济] F249.2