以公平之名:美国精英高校招生协同行为的反垄断规制  

Anti-Monopoly and Fair Competition:Regulations against Elite Institutions' Concerted Practices in College Admissions in the United States

作　　者：黎四奇[1] 吕豪杰 Li Siqi;Lv Haojie

机构地区：[1]湖南大学法学院

出　　处：《现代大学教育》2024年第5期56-68,111,112,共15页Modern University Education

基　　金：2021年度教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目“科学构建数据治理体系研究”,项目编号:21JZD036。

摘　　要：违背盲录政策的招生行为乱象经由司法诉讼的舆论发酵,愈发加剧美国社会对精英高校招生协同行为的垄断质疑。梳理相关司法判例发现,高校招生业务是否适用反垄断豁免条款、在本身违法与合理原则之间厘定教育垄断的识别模式、经济资助协议的竞争效应判定构成美国高等教育反垄断司法裁决的三大争议焦点。因应教育市场化逻辑催生的高校歧视录取与排名竞逐异化了美国精英高校招生机制,需求资助与绩优资助政策的配置失衡则导致平权运动逐渐偏移教育公平目标,两者共同推动了美国精英高校招生市场垄断势力的生成。从理念与路径双重维度出发,倡导高等教育市场反垄断规制的积极执法观,形塑教育监管与反垄断规制的互动协调进路是规范美国精英高校招生协同行为乱象的必由之路。反思美国精英高校招生协同行为反垄断规制的历史经验与法治实践能够为中国规制高等教育行政垄断问题、扩大与落实高校招生自主权、促进高校招生公平提供有益的经验借鉴。Recently the cases concerning elite institutions' violation of blind admission policies have aroused vigorous public criticism in the U.S.There are three controversial issues in these anti-monopoly cases against elite institutions:1)how to define a college admissions monopoly;2)whether those institutions are qualified for an antitrust exemption;3)whether those institutions' standardizing their financial aid offers has restricted competition in college admissions.Since higher education today has become marketized,institutions are vigorously competing for better places in college rankings and for students who are worthy of admission(for instance,superrich students).On the other hand,with the advent of affirmative action,many merit-based financial aids have been changed into need-based aids esp.for poor and minority students,hence the accusation of “reverse discrimination” or “distorted equity”.To minimize the awarding of financial aids and give preferential admissions treatment to superrich students,some elite institutions in the U.S.joined together and established common standards for college admissions.Their concerted practices are regarded as building an illegal monopoly.To end this college admissions monopoly,two strategies have been proposed:1)expanding the definition of monopoly to include non-profit organizations;2)combining educational governance with antitrust enforcement.Learning about American experience in anti-monopoly can provide valuable lessons for China in dealing with administrative monopolies in higher education,expanding institutional autonomy and promoting equity in college admissions.

关 键 词：美国精英高校 招生协同行为 反垄断 经济资助 教育市场化 高校招生自主权 教育公平 

分 类 号：G649.712[文化科学—高等教育学]