霸权的“獠牙”:美国经济制裁制度的生成与进化  

The Fangs of Hegemony:Formation and Evolution of the U.S.Economic Sanctions Regime

作　　者：穆睿彤 MU Ruitong

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院,北京100872

出　　处：《外交评论（外交学院学报）》2024年第5期85-125,I0004,共42页Foreign Affairs Review

基　　金：中国人民大学2023—2025年度明德研究品牌计划“中国经济外交的理论与实践”(项目批准号:14XNJ006)的资助。

摘　　要：在大国之间发动现代战争成本愈发高昂的背景下,经济制裁成为美国在国际舞台上实施霸权强制力的最主要手段。美国之所以能够频繁且大规模地发起经济制裁,除了基于傲视同侪的总体国家实力,还得益于其国内一整套制定并执行经济制裁政策的复杂而完备的制度体系。这一制度体系以商务部工业和安全局以及财政部外国资产控制办公室为双核心,其他行政机构居中相互配合。这些机构在美国发起经济制裁的过程中发挥了主导作用,享有高度的政策自主性和话语权。这些机构在二战后先后受到美国遏制苏联“扩张”、护卫自由秩序和应对大国竞争的霸权战略目标的塑造,在打造和提升霸权强制能力需求的驱动下,历经了早期成长、成熟完善和进化升级三个演进阶段,逐步发展为如今高效运转的职能机构,并构成了美国发起兼具破坏力和威慑性的经济制裁的坚实国内制度基础。以商务部工业和安全局以及财政部外国资产控制办公室为核心的美国经济制裁制度,犹如美国霸权“巨兽”的狰狞“獠牙”,彰显出美国强大的霸权强制能力。Against the backdrop of the increasingly high cost of launching modern wars between major powers,economic sanctions have become the most important means for the United States to implement hegemonic coercive capabilities in the international arena.The U.S.is able to launch economic sanctions frequently and on a large scale because,in addition to its superior national strength,it has a complex and complete domestic regime for formulating and implementing such policies.This regime is centered on the Department of Commerce's Bureau of Industry and Security(BIS)and the Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control(OFAC),complemented by other administrative agencies.These two core agencies play a leading role in the process of economic sanctions initiated by the United States and enjoy a high degree of policy autonomy and authority.After World War II,driven by the hegemonic strategy of the United States to curb Soviet“expansion”,protect the liberal order,and cope with great power competition,as well as the need to build and enhance hegemonic coercive power,the regime has gone through three stages of development:early growth,maturity,and evolutionary upgrading.It has gradually evolved into the highly efficient institutions they are today,and constitute a solid domestic foundation for the United States to launch economic sanctions that are both destructive and deterrent.The US economic sanctions regime with BIS and OFAC at its core is like the ferocious“fangs”of the US“behemoth”,demonstrating the US's powerful hegemonic coercive capabilities.

关 键 词：经济制裁 霸权战略 强制能力 经济安全 商务部工业和安全局 财政部外国资产控制办公室 

分 类 号：F171.2[经济管理—世界经济] F113