中国农业劳动力利用“去内卷化”变迁——基于近百年的资料分析  

The“De-involution”Transformation of Agricultural Labor Force Utilization in China:Based on Data Analysis over the Past Century

作　　者：纪月清[1] 黄晓彤 方晨亮 展进涛[1] JI Yueqing;HUANG Xiaotong;FANG Chenliang;ZHAN Jintao

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学经济管理学院,南京210095 [2]湖州师范学院“两山”理念研究院,湖州313000

出　　处：《农业经济问题》2024年第9期15-29,共15页Issues in Agricultural Economy

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“我国粮食产业高质量发展实现路径与政策体系研究”(编号:21&ZD101);国家自然科学基金面上项目“农时视角下的小农机械化:对我国不同熟制地区粮食收获机械化的考察”(编号:72073065);南京农业大学中央高校基本科研业务费人文社科基金优助项目(编号:SKYZ2022014)。

摘　　要：农业劳动力利用的“去内卷化”变迁一方面彰显了农民福利的大幅提升,另一方面则对农业发展提出了更高要求。本文考察了近百年来中国农业劳动力利用变化过程以及与之相伴的农业生产调整情况。研究发现,一方面,近百年来中国农业劳动力利用经历了“内卷化”加剧然后再到“去内卷化”的动态变化过程,最终2020—2021年农业雇工的折价工资约涨至1929—1933年的30倍,亩均劳动投入减少了50%;另一方面,农业劳动利用方式呈现以机械替代重体力劳动降低劳动投入时间与强度,以及通过减少复种等增加季节性闲暇为主要特征的转变。此外,时代变化也在新老两代农民劳动利用行为上留下了印迹。基于此,本文提出应主动适应农村劳动力代际更迭以及农业劳动利用“去内卷化”过程,从实现机械对劳动的低成本替代,促进季节性劳动力工作时间的耦合,加强符合经济效益的品种研发,促进“机械—品种—农艺”的协同创新这四大方面革新农业生产经营体系。The“de-involution”transformation in the utilization of agricultural labor force has not only demonstrated a significant improvement in farmers'welfare,but also put forward higher requirements for agricultural production.This article examines the process of changes in the utilization of agricultural labor in China over the past century,as well as the accompanying agricultural production adjustments.The study has found that,on the one hand,the utilization of agricultural labor in China has experienced a dynamic process of“involution”intensified and then“de-involution”in the past century.From 2020 to 2021,the discounted wages of agricultural workers increased to about 30 times that of 1929—1933,and the labor input per mu decreased by 50%.On the other hand,the main characteristics of agricultural labor utilization are the replacement of heavy physical labor with machinery to reduce labor input time and intensity,and the reduction of multiple cropping to increase seasonal leisure time.In addition,the changes of the times have also left their mark on the labor utilization behavior of the younger and the older generations of farmers.Based on this,this article proposes that we should proactively adapt to intergenerational change in rural labor and the process of“de-involution”in agricultural labor utilization,and innovate the agricultural production and management system in four major aspects:realizing the low-cost substitution of machinery for labor,promoting the coupling of seasonal labor working hours,strengthening the research and development of economically beneficial varieties,and promoting the collaborative innovation of“machine-variety-agronomy”.

关 键 词：农业劳动利用 内卷化 去内卷化 复种指数 季节性 

分 类 号：F323.6[经济管理—产业经济]