敲诈勒索罪认定中的被害人因素分析  

On the Analysis of Victim-based Factors in the Conviction of the Crime of Extortion

作　　者：骆群 LUO Qun

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院刑事司法学院,上海201701

出　　处：《政治与法律》2024年第10期70-84,共15页Political Science and Law

摘　　要：敲诈勒索罪认定中的被害人因素分析,不仅是一个视角转换问题,而且是该罪的犯罪构成所决定的必然路径。敲诈勒索罪(既遂)的认定,需要被害人产生恐惧心理这一要素,因为只有具备恐惧的危险、无能、无助三个因素时,被害人受到的心理(或意志自由)强制(或压迫)最大,行为人对被害人的法益支配权施加的影响最强,从而打破被害人对财产的支配关系的可能性最大。敲诈勒索罪(既遂)的认定,需要被害人处分行为这一要素,通过被害人处分行为的表现形式的不同,可以区分财产犯罪中作为交付型犯罪的敲诈勒索罪与毁弃型犯罪,处分行为也可以区分取得型犯罪中自外向内侵害的夺取型犯罪与自内向外侵害的交付型犯罪的敲诈勒索罪。敲诈勒索罪的认定中,被害人责任对犯罪成立的影响,属于法官自由裁量权的范畴,判决书中可以通过《中华人民共和国刑法》第13条“但书”作为法条形式依据予以出罪。The analysis of victim-based factors in the conviction of the crime of extortion is not only a matter of shifting the perspective but also an inevitable pathway determined by the constituent elements of the crime.For the conviction of the crime of extortion(accomplished),it is necessary for the victim to develop a sense of fear,because only when three factors of the fear,i.e.danger,inability and helplessness exist,the psychological(or volitional)coercion(or oppression)suffered by the victim is the greatest and the influence imposed by the perpetrator on the victim's right to control the legal interests is the strongest,thereby maximizing the possibility of breaking the victim's dominion over the property.The conviction of the crime of extortion(accomplished)requires such an element as the victim's act of disposition,and according to the different forms of the victim's acts of disposition,it is able to make a distinction between the crime of extortion which is a kind of crimes involving delivery with a positive act and the crimes of destructing or discarding property within crimes against property,and the acts of disposition may be used to make a distinction between taking-based crimes with external-to-internal invasion and the crime of extortion which is a kind of delivery-based crimes with internal-to-external invasion.In the determination of the crime of extortion(conviction),the impact of the victim's responsibility on the constitution of the crime falls into the scope of a judge's discretion,and the exoneration may be achieved in the judgment by taking the"saving clause"of Article 13 of Criminal Law of China as the formal foundation of legal provision.

关 键 词：敲诈勒索罪 被害人恐惧心理 被害人处分行为 被害人责任 

分 类 号：DF613[政治法律—刑法学]