盎格鲁-撒克逊时期英格兰的郡政官员与地方治理  

County Officials and Local Governance in Anglo-Saxon England

作　　者：刘畅 Liu Chang

机构地区：[1]浙大城市学院浙江历史研究中心,浙江杭州130024

出　　处：《外国问题研究》2024年第3期94-106,159,共14页FOREIGN HISTORY STUDIES

摘　　要：在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期英格兰的地方治理体系中,郡长是最重要的郡政官员之一。早期郡长职权范围十分广泛,其中军事职能是其职位身份的显著特征。郡长通常领有一郡,随着其权势地位的发展,后来可统治数郡。10世纪末,由于丹麦人入侵,同时伴随着国王对郡长的态度变化,郡长数量减少,开始走向衰落。克努特时期,伯爵逐渐取代郡长占领了郡社会。直到盎格鲁-撒克逊晚期,随着伯爵退出郡政统治,郡守渐渐成为地方社会的实际管理者。此外,在这一时期郡政官员的发展中,国王的里夫、郡管事和郡执行吏也在不断磨合共生。盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的郡政官员对早期地方社会产生了重要影响,进而奠定了中世纪英格兰的地方治理模式。In the local government system of Anglo-Saxon England,the ealdorman held a position of utmost importance as one of the key county officials.Initially,the ealdorman wielded extensive powers,including significant military responsibilities.Typically overseeing a single shire at first,their authority and influence eventually expanded to encompass multiple shires.However,by the close of the 1o"century,factors such as Danish invasions and shifts in royal attitudes led to a reduction in the number of ealdormen,signaling the onset of their decline.During Canute's reign,the earl gradually supplanted the ealdorman in assuming leadership roles within counties.It was not until later in the Anglo-Saxon era that sheriffs truly emerged as effective administrators within local society.Furthermore,throughout this period's evolution of county oficials,figures such as the king's reeve,scirman,and scir-gerefa underwent continual adaptation and coexistence alongside sheriffs.The impact of these Anglo-Saxon period county officials on early local society was profound and laid crucial groundwork for medieval England's local governance model.

关 键 词：盎格鲁-撒克逊 郡长 伯爵 郡守 地方治理 

分 类 号：D756.1[政治法律—政治学] K561.31[政治法律—中外政治制度]