美日半导体贸易争端的政治解决(1981-1992)  

The Political Settlement of the U.S.-Japanese Semiconductor Trade Dispute(1981-1992)

作　　者：李金锋 Li Jinfeng

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)国际战略研究院

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第4期47-62,164,共17页World History

基　　金：中共中央党校(国家行政学院)校(院)级重大理论和现实问题研究专项的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：20世纪80年代,日本半导体产业在技术水平和市场份额等方面迅速发展,对美国的主导地位构成猛烈冲击。美国高度重视半导体产业的战略意义,日益将日本视为高技术领域的竞争对手,美国半导体产业界和政界普遍对美国的经济安全和军事优势表示担忧。在此情况下,美日半导体贸易争端产生并愈演愈烈,双方进行了十多年的半导体经贸谈判。在美主日从的不对称同盟结构下,美国始终掌握谈判的主动权,不仅设定了每个谈判阶段的议程,而且凭借301调查、反倾销调查、关税制裁等手段施压,迫使日本做出让步。最终,日本同意相互削减和取消半导体关税,签署《1986年美日半导体协议》,接受美国的出口价格指导,接受美国制定的市场份额计算方法,并于1992年底完成了20%的市场份额目标。与此同时,鉴于美国维持和加强美日同盟体系的战略需求始终存在,日本能够在一定程度上发挥外交自主性,提升自身的战略价值。In the 1980s,Japan's semiconductor industry thrived rapidly in terms of technology level and market share,posing a fierce impact on the U.S.preponderance.The U.S.attached great strategic significance to the semiconductor industry and increasingly regarded Japan as a competitor in the high-tech field.The U.S.semiconductor industry and politicians shared common concerns about America's economic security and military superiority.Under such circumstances,the U.S.-Japanese semiconductor trade dispute arose and intensified increasingly.Both sides started inter-governmental semiconductor negotiations,which lasted for more than a decade.Under the asymmetrical alliance structure between the U.S.and Japan,the U.S.had always held the initiative.More specifically,the U.S.not only set the agenda for each stage of the negotiations,but also forced Japan to make concessions by the use of the Section 301 investigation,anti-dumping investigations,tariff sanction,etc.Eventually,Japan had to agree to mutually reduce and eliminate semiconductor tariffs,signed the U.S.-Japanese Semiconductor Agreement of 1986,accepted the U.S.guidance on export prices as well as the U.S.-developed market share calculation methodology,and accomplished 20 percent market share target by the end of 1992.Meanwhile,considering that the U.S.had its continuous strategic need to maintain and strengthen the U.S.-Japanese alliance,Japan could take advantage of the diplomatic autonomy to enhance its own strategic value to a certain extent.

关 键 词：美日关系 里根政府 贸易争端 半导体 301条款 

分 类 号：K153[历史地理—历史学]