1907年“洛克诉康克菲”案与英国对西非黄金海岸殖民地土地政策的争论  

The Case of‘Lokko versus Konklofi’in 1907 and the Debate over the British Land Policies in the Gold Coast Colony of West Africa

作　　者：冯理达 Feng Lida

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第4期63-80,164,165,共20页World History

摘　　要：19世纪以来,英属西非黄金海岸殖民地经济社会的发展逐渐侵蚀了传统的土地公有原则。19世纪70年代至20世纪初期,英国殖民地政府采取了鼓励土地私有化、加强政府干预的土地政策。1907年,殖民地首席法官格里菲斯在“洛克诉康克菲”案中,判决凳子土地在一定条件下可以转化成私有土地。但1912年,西非土地委员会调查黄金海岸土地问题后,认为格里菲斯的判决不符合法理,其对土地私有化的纵容还可能造成足以威胁殖民统治的后果。西非土地委员会进而主张保护传统习俗,维护习惯土地制度。西非土地委员会对“洛克诉康克菲”案的批判,代表了该时期英国政府内部调整殖民地土地政策的要求。受此观点的影响,20世纪20年代后,英国在黄金海岸以及西非殖民地的土地政策逐渐向维护公共土地转变。土地政策的转型实际上反映了英国政府对殖民地从直接统治转向间接统治背后的政治经济逻辑。Since the 19^(th)century,the economic and social development in the British colony of the Gold Coast in West Africa gradually eroded the traditional principle of the communal land ownership.From the 1870s to the early 20"century,the British colonial government adopted land policies encouraging the land privatisation and increasing the governmental intervention.In 1907,Colonial Chief Justice Griffith ruled in the case of‘Lokko versus Konklofi'that stool lands could be converted into private lands under certain conditions.However,in 1912,after investigating the land issues of the Gold Coast,the West Africa Lands Commission found Griffith's judgement legally unsound and argued that such encouragement of the land privatisation could have severe consequences threatening the colonial rule.The Commission advocated for the protection of traditional customs and the maintenance of the customary land system.The critique of the case of‘Lokko versus Konklofi'by the West Africa Lands Commission represented internal demands within the British government to adjust colonial land policies during that period.Influenced by that perspective,the British land policies in the Gold Coast and the West African colonies gradually shifted towards protecting the community lands from the 1920s onwards.This land policy transformation actually reflected the political and economic logic of the British government's shift from direct rule to indirect rule in the colonies.

关 键 词：英属黄金海岸殖民地 “洛克诉康克菲”案 凳子土地 土地私有化 西非土地委员会 

分 类 号：K153[历史地理—历史学]