加洛林王朝的主教选任程序与共识政治  

The Procedure and Consensual Rule in the Episcopal Election in the Carolingian Dynasty

作　　者：李云飞 Li Yunfei

机构地区：[1]暨南大学文学院历史学系

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第4期125-139,167,168,共17页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“欧洲历史上的统一与分裂研究”(项目编号:23&ZD322)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：共识政治是国内外欧洲中世纪史学界热烈讨论的话题,但学界对君权与共识政治的关系还存在较大分歧。在加洛林王朝主教选任中,虽然教会法规定主教由“教士和民众”推举,但在实际操作中有请示、推举、核准、授任四个环节。君主在遵守甚至“捍卫”教会法的名义下,通过增加前置环节等方式,行使控制和主导权,掌控和利用教会。教区各方则不同程度地参与其中,大主教在教区和宫廷中居间沟通,影响较大,地方教俗精英有多次机会表达诉求,普通民众只有形式上的参与。四个环节包含两轮自下而上和自上而下的合意过程,旨在塑造各方对新任主教的认可和共识。君主意志和教会法规则在主教选任中交融互动,其中君主意志是决定性因素,推举程序所塑造的共识往往是君主命令或影响下各方角力的产物。这有助于深化对君权与共识政治关系的认识。The consensual rule is a heatedly debated topic among the domestic and international academics of the medieval European history,but there are stil significant divergences in the academia about the relationship between the kingship and the consensual rule.The canon law stipulated that bishops should be elected merely by'clergy and people'.However,the episcopal appointment process in the Carolingian Dynasty had four steps in practice,including petition,election,confirmation and ordination.In the name of adhering to and even'defending'the canon law,the monarch exercised the control power and the right of manipulation to control and exploit the church through adding preliminary steps.Other forces in the diocese also played their roles in their involvement of the episcopal appointment.More specifically,archbishops served as intermediaries between bishoprics and the royal court,exerting great influence,local ecclesiastical and secular elites had multiple opportunities to express their demands,while common populace were only involved in a nominal participation.The four steps contained two rounds of consensus-making processes,both bottom-up and top-down,to shape mutual recognition and agreement among all parties on the appointment of the new bishop.The monarchical intention and the canon law interwove and interacted in the episcopal elections,with the royal intention being the decisive factor.The consensus which was configured by the election process was often the result of interplay among various parties under the monarchical order or influence.This paper helps deepen the understanding of the relationship between the kinship and the consensus rule.

关 键 词：加洛林王朝 政教关系 主教选任程序 教会法 共识政治 

分 类 号：B97[哲学宗教—宗教学]