基于中子探测的核临界报警技术和应急准备  

Nuclear Criticality Alarm Technology and Emergency Preparedness Based on Neutron Detection

作　　者：踪训成[1] 代启东[1] 吴明昌 牛江[1] 王璨辉[1] Zong Xuncheng;Dai Qidong;Wu Mingchang;Niu Jiang;Wang Canhui(Institute of Reactor Engineering,Nuclear Power Institute of China,Chengdu 610213,China)

机构地区：[1]中国核动力研究设计院反应堆工程研究所,成都610213

出　　处：《核安全》2024年第5期90-95,共6页Nuclear Safety

摘　　要：核临界安全是整个核燃料循环工艺阶段关注的特种安全问题。为限制核临界事故的发生,涉核营运单位在加强核安全培训、行政管理、临界受控参数约束的同时,还需要在可能发生核临界事故的工艺场所加装核临界监测报警设备,借助监测报警技术探知临界事故的发生,提醒工作人员应急响应或应急撤离,满足核安全监管的强制要求。本文探索了核临界事故前的预报警(警告性报警)技术和事故后的报警技术,以某核材料存储临界监测为例,经计算的最小临界事故报警阈值为3.95×10^(-6)Gy/min,在实际应用中,使临界报警仪设定阈值低于3.95×10^(-6)Gy/min,在临界事故发生前及时感知临界发展趋势,并及时采取应急措施,尽可能避免核临界事故的发生。而一旦发生核临界事故,就应该立即触发、执行有效的应急响应,其中应急准备是应急响应有效执行的重要组成部分和基础条件,因此存在核事故风险的涉核营运单位都应该重视应急准备这一重要环节,未雨绸缪,积极准备,不断完善,才能保障公众和环境的辐射安全。Nuclear criticality is a particular safety concern throughout the Nuclear fuel cycle process,while nuclear operators are strengthening nuclear safety training,administrative management,and the control of critical parameters to limit the occurrence of nuclear criticality accidents,there is also a need to install nuclear criticality monitoring and warning equipment at locations such as processes where nuclear criticality accidents are likely to occur,to detect the occurrence of a criticality accident through monitoring and warning technology and to alert staff for emergency response or emergency evacuation,to meet the mandatory requirements of nuclear safety regulation.In this paper,the technology of pre-warning and post-warning of nuclear criticality accident is explored.By setting reasonable warning threshold,the developing trend of nuclear criticality can be perceived in time before nuclear criticality accident,take emergency measures in time to avoid nuclear criticality accident as far as possible.In the event of a nuclear criticality accident,an effective emergency response should be triggered and implemented immediately,of which emergency preparedness is an important component and basic condition for the effective implementation of emergency response,all nuclear operators with nuclear accident risks should pay attention to the important link of emergency preparedness,take precautions,actively prepare and constantly improve,so as to guarantee the radiation safety of the public and the environment.

关 键 词：核临界安全 预报警 应急响应 应急准备 辐射安全 

分 类 号：X946[环境科学与工程—安全科学]