明清文人书画扇面纸张病害成因及表面涂布工艺分析——以四川博物院藏11幅扇面文物为例  

Analysis of disease causes and surface coating techniques for Ming and Qing literati calligraphy and painting fans:taking 11 fan cultural relics from Sichuan Museum as examples

作　　者：黄怡凡 HUANG Yifan(Sichuan Museum,Chengdu 610071,China)

机构地区：[1]四川博物院,四川成都610071

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2024年第5期83-95,共13页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：2022年四川省文物博物馆领域科研课题-青年课题项目(SCWW2022C08)资助。

摘　　要：通过对四川博物院藏11幅明清文人书画扇面文物进行形貌观察和检测分析,探索明清扇面书画文物的病害成因及加工工艺。通过观察发现,扇面主要由填料层、疏水层和基地纸张层三部分组成,明代早期金面扇面工艺较复杂,后逐步简化,与文献记载相符,反映了明清扇面等级及工艺演变过程:泥金扇面→其他加工涂布扇面(洒金、瓷青等)→矾扇(仅涂布疏水层)→粉连纸扇面。扇面文物病害主要为扇叶折痕断裂和填料层病害,病害程度受扇面厚度、涂布材料及工艺影响。扇面涂层具有较好的疏水性,因此润墨性较差,金面扇面普遍较素面扇面润墨性较差,写印色料不易附着;通过XRF和SEM-EDS分析,扇面填料材料为化学性质稳定的硅酸盐类化合物,不易受环境温湿度影响,可有效提高扇面防虫防霉能力,但受黏合剂影响较大——黏合剂老化失胶会导致填料层出现不同程度的脱落、龟裂、空鼓、粉化、起翘等病害;金面扇面的“金”成分主要为金银合金,不同金银配比及泥金、洒金、贴金三种不同的加工形式,会让其产生不同的金属色彩和光泽,因此修复过程中很难通过传统颜料调配的方法减少色差。扇面工艺特性及病害不同于普通纸质书画,因此使用传统书画保护修复技艺难以达到预期修复效果。Through the observation and analysis of 11 literati calligraphy and painting fans of the Ming and Qing Dynasties from Sichuan Museum,this study probed into disease causes and processing techniques for this kind of cultural relics.It was found that the fan surface was composed of three layers:a filler layer,a hydrophobic layer,and a base paper layer.In the early Ming Dynasty,the processing technique for the surface of gold fans was initially complicated,but then it was gradually simplified.The simplification of the processing procedure reflects the Ming and Qing fan level and technical evolution,which is consistent with the relevant literature:mud gold fans→fans with various coating processes(such as gold sprinkling,porcelain blue)→alum fans(coated solely with a hydrophobic layer)→Fenlian paper fans.Fan relics mainly suffer from the fracture of the fan crease and diseases of the filler layer,the degree of disease being affected by the thickness,coating material and technique.The surface coating had good hydrophobicity,so the ink-absorbing property was bad(that of the gold surface was generally worse than that of the plain one)and writing and printing pigments did not adhere to it well.According to the results of X-ray fluorescence(XRF)spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS),the fillers were silicate compounds with the stable chemical properties,not vulnerable to ambient temperature and humidity,so the fillers could effectively improve the insect-and mildew-proofing abilities of fans.However,the fillers were more affected by adhesives—aging and degumming of adhesive could result in many diseases such as peeling,cracking,hollowing,pulverizing and warping of the filler layer.The“gold”on the surface was mainly a gold and silver alloy.Different ratios of gold to silver and three different processing forms allowed it to generate different metallic colors and luster.Therefore,it is difficult to reduce the chromatic aberration in the restoration process using the t

关 键 词：明清扇面书画 病害 材料 加工工艺 保护修复技术 

分 类 号：K876.9[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]