铝电解废阴极碳无害化处理及资源化利用现状  

Research Progresson Harmless Treatment and Resource Utilization of Spent Cathode Carbon from Aluminum Electrolysis

作　　者：张迪 许磊[1,2,3] 许张彪 申士富 刘建华[1,2] Zhang Di;Xu Lei;Xu Zhangbiao;Shen Shifu;Liu Jianhua(Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming 650093,China;State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming 650093,China;National Local Joint Laboratory of Engineering Application of Microwave Energy and Equipment Technology,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming 650093,China;Mineral Processing Research and Design Institute,BGRIMM Technology Group,Beijing 100160,China)

机构地区：[1]昆明理工大学冶金与能源工程学院,云南昆明650093 [2]昆明理工大学复杂有色金属资源清洁利用国家重点实验室,云南昆明650093 [3]昆明理工大学微波能工程应用及装备技术国家地方联合工程实验室,云南昆明650093 [4]矿冶科技集团有限公司选矿研究设计所,北京100160

出　　处：《稀有金属》2024年第9期1322-1334,共13页Chinese Journal of Rare Metals

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(52374305);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1901904);云南省科技计划基础研究专项(202101AS070023,202301AV070009);山东省重大科技创新工程项目(2019JZZY010413);云南省万人计划青年拔尖人才项目资助。

摘　　要：废阴极碳(SCC)是铝电解槽拆解过程中产生的固体危险废弃物,大规模的废阴极碳中含有丰富的碳质组分和氟化物,作为重要的二次资源具有较高的回收再利用价值和绿色环保意义。然而较高的技术要求和处理成本、大宗处理量以及回收再利用领域等难题,限制了铝电解废阴极碳的工业化处理和资源化回收利用的推广,发展高效、低成本、高利用价值的处理方法具有重要意义。介绍了近年来铝电解废阴极碳的无害化处理的技术方法、工艺特征和发展现状,以及废阴极碳的资源化利用途径和增值化发展方向,如制备锂电池电极材料、合成碳化硅以及作为还原剂回收有价金属等,可对铝电解废阴极碳无害化处理及资源化利用提供技术参考。Spent cathode carbon(SCC)is a solid hazardous waste generated during the dismantling of aluminum electrolytic cells,in which toxic substances such as cyanide can cause irreversible harm to the environment,but large-scale SCC is rich in carbonaceous components and fluoride,which has high recycling value and green significance as an important secondary resource.The harmless treatment of SCC is mainly to detoxify cyanide and fluoride,while cyanide is easy to decompose,but the high content and reactivity of fluoride makes it easy to produce secondary fluorinated solid waste through pyrometallurgical treatments,while hydrometallurgical treatment make it difficult to completely dissolve fluoride in the carbon block,resulting in low purity of recovered carbon.HF and fluo⁃ride produced in the process of SCC treatment have serious corrosion on equipment,and have high requirements on equipment perfor⁃mance and high maintenance cost.Overcoming this technical difficulty provides favorable conditions for the realization of large-scale treatment of SCC.At present,the harmless treatment of SCC in aluminum electrolysis mainly includes pyrometallurgical treatment,hy⁃drometallurgical treatment and combined treatment.Combustion treatment to achieve the decomposition of cyanide and fluoride,the emitted fluoride can be collected and treated on the one hand,and on the other hand it can be detoxified and converted for recovery,carbonaceous components are generally used as fuel to provide a heat source,with low resource utilization and added value,making it difficult to meet the current demand for green cycle development.The recovery of spent cathode by high-temperature processes of oxy⁃gen-controlled treatment and vacuum treatment,these processes have good effect of fluoride removal and simple operation,but gener⁃ally high energy consumption.The vacuum distillation process has the advantages of simple process and low production cost.Carbon and electrolyte can be recovered from spent cathode carbon block,but refractory substan

关 键 词：废阴极碳(SCC) 资源化回收利用 无害化处理 高温焙烧工艺 化学浸出 

分 类 号：TF09[冶金工程—冶金物理化学]