主谓关系之再审视  

Revisiting the Grammatical Notions of Subject and Predicate

作　　者：彭馨葭 PENG Xinjia(the Institute of Linguistics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《当代语言学》2024年第5期701-716,共16页Contemporary Linguistics

基　　金：中国社会科学院学科建设“登峰战略”资助计划“句法语义学”(DF2023YS08)资助。

摘　　要：subject(S)和predicate(P)既是逻辑层面的概念,又用于语法研究,然而这对概念在两个层面的定义并未对齐,导致了理论建设上一定的困难。本文建议,将语法研究中的S/P与逻辑层面的概念对齐。参考Den Dikken(2006)对S/P的定义和句法研究,本文重新考察了汉语的“的”字结构和“得”字结构,将这两个结构分别分析为“P的S”和“S得P”。基于以上研究,本文进一步探究S/P是否有本质的区别。在西方哲学传统中,S/P的一个重要区别与殊相/共相有关,主要是,“殊相不能是P”。本文认为,这是一种特设性的规定。如果摒弃这种观点,S与P的语义实质是P“言说于”S,或言“所谓”与“所以谓”。Taking inspiration from Den Dikken(2006)'s work on the syntax of predication,this article examines predication structures in Chinese.Based on the findings,this article urges to reconsider the definition of subject and predicate in grammatical research.This article starts with an overview of Den Dikken(2006).Den Dikken(2006)is most noted for its proposal of a new functional category,the relator,as an element linking subject and predicate,and how such an approach provides solutions to the syntactic analysis of certain challenging structures in various languages.However,less discussed of this work,and also what the current article wants to highlight specifically,is the work's new definition of subject in grammatical analysis and,based on this,a new outlook for subjectpredicate relation.In this new light,adjectival modifier,adverbial modifier,prepositional phrases,topic and focus elements,among others,can all be treated as predicates.The semantics of predication,as stated in the work,is represented as set intersection between the subject and the predicate.Inspired by Den Dikken's innovative approach to subject and predicate,this article continues with case studies of two major structures in Chinese,the de(的)structure and the de(得)structure.Earlier studies have proposed to analyze the two structures respectively as P-de(的)-S and S-de(得)-P.The current study seeks to establish the validity of these claims by a thorough examination of the various semantic and formal combinations of these structures.The semantic relations between subject and predicate as exhibited in these structures in Chinese have great implications for subject-predicate relation at large.The definitions of subject and predicate,especially of the latter,are often traced back to discussion in Aristotle.The definitions are often taken for granted,but they might be problematic due to several factors:the language used to discuss it,how it is framed to support the philosopher's conception of the universal and the particular,and how the terminology mi

关 键 词：述谓 主语 殊相 联系词 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]