论声音权益的法律性质与保护路径  

On the Legal Nature and Protection Method of Voice Rights/Interests

作　　者：汪倪杰 Wang Nijie

机构地区：[1]复旦大学法学院

出　　处：《法学》2024年第10期132-146,共15页Law Science

基　　金：中国博士后科学基金会面上资助项目“《民法典》视野下安全保障义务的体系化研究”(项目编号:2020M681129)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：关于自然人声音权益保护的相关规范散见于《民法典》人格权编以及《反不正当竞争法》《著作权法》《个人信息保护法》等特别法,既未明确声音权益的法律性质,亦未形成科学的保护路径,极易引发裁判争议。声音作为人格要素既受人格权法调整而产生一般人格权益,亦与特别法结合而产生特别人格权益。前者宜细分为物质性人格权益与精神性人格权益,参照适用肖像权保护规则予以分类保护,侵权行为分别以未经权利人许可使用声音与贬损自然人人格形象作为归责要件。后者可类型化为竞争法权益、表演者权与个人信息权益,依据特别法各自的构成要件与责任方式予以保护。在此基础上,既应协调声音权益与相关具体人格权的竞合关系,亦应明确《民法典》人格权编与各特别法就声音权益的调整效果呈现一般法与特别法的位阶关系,为协调责任竞合寻求妥适的解决方案。Regarding the civil protection of natural person's voice rights/interests,the relevant legal norms in China are scattered in the Personality Rights Section of the Civil Code and the special laws such as the Anti-Unfair Competition Law,the Copyright Law and the Personal Information Protection Law,which have not formed a scientific protection system.As an element of personality,sound is subject to the adjustment of personality right law to generate general personality rights/interests,and can also be combined with several special laws to generate special personality rights/interests.The former should be subdivided into material and spiritual personality rights/interests,and be categorized and protected with reference to the rules related to portrait rights.The latter can be categorized into rights/interests of competition law,performers'rights and rights/interests of personal information,and should be protected according to their respective constitutive elements and modes of liability under the special laws.On this basis,it is necessary to harmonize the competing relationship between voice rights/interests and the related specific personality rights,and to clarify the hierarchical relationship between general and special law in terms of the adjusting effect of voice rights/interests in the Personality Rights Section of the Civil Code and the special laws,so as to seek appropriate solutions for the coordination of competing liabilities.

关 键 词：声音权益 人格权法 表演者权 反不正当竞争 个人信息 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.16[政治法律—法学] D922.294