山水家园:云南鸡足山的景观生成与生活世界  

Shanshui Homeland:Landscape Generation and Life World of Jizu Mountain in Yunnan Province

作　　者：舒瑜[1] SHU Yu(Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology,Chinese Academy of Social Science,Beijing 100081)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《中央民族大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第5期80-90,共11页Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：中国社会科学院重大创新项目“推进民族地区现代化与建设中华民族现代文明的关系研究”(项目编号:2023YZD047);中国社会科学院民族学与人类学研究所学科与创新项目“生态人类学视角下的中华民族共同体研究”(项目编号:2023MZSCXXK002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：本文从宇宙论探讨云南鸡足山的景观生成过程,同时观照西方景观人类学的最新理论进展,即从本体论的角度来看待景观的生成,试图超越自然与文化的二分以及表征主义的研究进路,更加重视景观与人之间相互形塑的过程。结合《鸡足山志》和田野调查资料,本文从山水形势、山水家园、生死观等三个层面呈现鸡足山景观生成背后的宇宙论,呈现明清士人与普通乡民山水观念的关联。在此宇宙论的观照下,山水不是被“观看”的客体,而是生生不息的天地造化、生机勃勃的宇宙之在。山水-家园-生命有机嵌合在一起,家园在山水之中,山水亦在家园之内。通过对乡民生死观的分析,可以看出人的生命被编织到山水的纹理之中。生命与山水的交织缠绕生成鸡足山的神圣景观“华首门”,华首门在求子仪式与魂归路线中都是极为重要的地景,人的生命从华首门前“打太子”求得,魂归路线则从山脚飞升到山顶从华首门进入彼世。华首门成为死亡与再生之门,既孕育生命又是生命之归宿。当西方景观人类学经历了从表征主义向本体论的转变,重新面对景观的“时间性”以及景观与人相互形塑的过程时,中国的山水宇宙论为景观生成的讨论提供了理论对话。中国的山水宇宙论蕴含着对天地造化的理解,天地、山水、人等万物都处在生生不息的造化之中,只有这样我们才能更好地理解我们所处的“人文生境”,从而对“生态”本身应有的生生不息之意给予更多的重视和思考。This paper explores the generation of landscape in Jizu Mountain,Yunnan Province from the perspective of cosmology,while referring to the latest theoretical progress in the Western landscape anthropology,i.e.,looking at landscape generation from the perspective of ontology,trying to go beyond the dichotomy of nature and culture and the approach of representationism,while paying more attention to the mutual cultivating process of landscape and human beings.Based on the Chronicles of Jizu Mountain and materials collected from field work,this paper presents the cosmology behind the landscape generation of Jizu Mountain from three aspects,such as the momentum of Shanshui(mountains and waters),homeland surrounded by Shanshui,and life and death view,and reflects the relevance of ideas between the intellectuals of Ming and Qing dynasties and ordinary villagers.In the view of this cosmology,Shanshui is not the object to be“viewed”,but the existence of the endless creation of heaven and earth and the vibrant existence of the universe.Shanshui,homeland and life are organically intertwined with each other,with the homeland being incorporated into Shanshui and Shanshui also being embraced into homeland.Through the analysis of the villagers'perception on life and death,we can see that human life is woven into the texture of Shanshui.The intertwining and entanglement of life and Shanshui generates the sacred landscape of Jizu Mountain,known as the“Huashou Gate”.“Huashou Gate”is an extremely important landscape in the ritual of praying for bearing children and the returning route for human souls afterlife.Human life is obtained from“beating the crown prince”in front of Huashou Gate,while the returning route of human souls flies from the foot of the mountain up to the top before entering into the other world through Huashou Gate.The Huashou Gate becomes the gateway of death and rebirth,nurturing life and serving as its ultimate destination.When the Western landscape anthropology has undergone the transformation f

关 键 词：山水 景观 鸡足山 宇宙论 生活世界 

分 类 号：C952[社会学—民族学]