走出“唯宋”和“泛煤”:中国古代燃料变革研究反思  

Transcending"Song Dynasty"and"Coal":A Reflection on Fuel Transition in Ancient China

作　　者：赵九洲 Zhao Jiuzhou

机构地区：[1]青岛大学历史学院

出　　处：《历史研究》2024年第7期167-187,M0007,共22页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“宋元明清时期华北燃料变革研究”(22BZS035)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：中国古代燃料史研究,从研究时段看,呈现出高度集中于宋代的特点,此即“唯宋”;从研究对象看,又呈现出主要围绕煤展开的特点,此即“泛煤”。要突破固有路径依赖与思维定势,学界有必要跳出骤变性、普遍性、彻底性的“燃料革命”执念,重回渐变性、局部性、非彻底性的“燃料变革”理念。学界须认识燃料变革的丰富内涵,除从草木燃料到煤的转变之外,还有从以天然草木燃料为主到以人工草木燃料为主的转变、从以木本燃料为主到以草本燃料为主的转变、从只提供热量到提供动力的转变。煤之外的其他燃料变革对中国古代社会与生态也产生了深远影响,值得深入探究。Research into the history of fuel in Ancient China focused exclusively on the Song dynasty,which we refer to as the weisong(sole focus on Song),with the accompanying and equally overwhelming focus on coal,aptly labeled Coal-Centric.If we are to break through this cognitive entrenchment,the academic community will have to look beyond their desire to see a"fuel revolution"that was sudden,universal,and complete and return to a"transition"'that was just the oppositegradual,localized,and fragmented in nature.It is essential for academia to recognize the rich dimensions of fuel transformation,seen variously in the shift from biofuels to coal but also from predominantly natural biofuels to primarily artificial biofuels,wood-based to grass-based,and a focus from providing heat to generating power.Finally,the transformations in fuels other than coal have had a profound effect on ancient Chinese society and ecology,highlighting the need for further investigation.

关 键 词：宋代 燃料革命 唐宋变革论 大分流 早期工业化 

分 类 号：K244[历史地理—历史学]