宝刹飞来 蜂台合势:敦煌莫高窟晚唐第14窟建筑意匠探讨  

The Architectural Concept of Dunhuang Mogao Cave 14:The Conjoining and Soaring Splendor of Pagodas

作　　者：周真如 孙毅华[2] ZHOU Zhenru;SUN Yihua

机构地区：[1]清华大学建筑学院 [2]敦煌研究院

出　　处：《建筑史学刊》2024年第3期123-135,共13页Journal of Architectural History

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目“基于《营造法式》的唐宋时期木构建筑、图像及仿木构建筑中的建筑装饰与色彩案例研究”(51678325);国家社科基金重大项目“两宋建筑史料编年研究”子课题“两宋图像史料所见建筑史料编年研究”(19ZDA199)。

摘　　要：敦煌晚唐第14窟是一座以塔的意象为核心,集建筑、雕塑、壁画为一体的中心塔柱窟。本文对第14窟西披建筑图像与中心龛柱所组成的宝塔形象进行理论复原,并结合窟内另外四处塔图像、佛教与装饰图像,探讨中心宝塔形象对石窟空间意象的塑造。提出其中心龛柱造型借鉴吐蕃风格弯柱塔图像的可能。剖析晚唐石窟设计如何通过建筑空间的十字对称,建筑与雕塑、图像空间的穿插和装饰渲染等方式,营造了突出主塔的五佛曼陀罗坛场。讨论宋初重修时补绘的法华塔图像和莲花图案与晚唐宝塔形象在视觉与主题上的关联,及由此完成的法华塔与华藏世界之叠映。提出研究敦煌建筑艺术中复合空间的新方法。Dunhuang Mogao Cave 14 of the Late Tang stands as pivotal example of a central-pillar cave,showcasing a pagoda image at its heart and harmoniously blending architectural,sculptural,and pictorial arts.This paper offers three theoretical reconstructions of the pagoda image,encompassing the mural on the western ceiling slope and the central pillar.By examining the remaining four pagoda images and Buddhist and decorative motifs within the cave,it delves into how the primary pagoda image shaped the cave’s spatial imagery.The second section explores the likelihood that the central pillar’s design was inspired by the Tibetan-style curvedpillar pagoda representations.The third section reveals how the Late Tang cave design accentuated the primary pagoda within a five-buddha mandala through the biaxial symmetry of its architectural space,the convergence of plastic and pictorial spaces,and decorative and visual enhancements.The fourth section discusses how the addition of the pagoda and lotus flower images as a result of the 10th-century renovation created visual and thematic ties with the Late Tang era’s primary pagoda image,enhancing the correlation between the Lotus Pagoda and the Avatamsaka Pagoda.This case study introduces a novel approach to examining the comprehensive spatial artistry of Dunhuang architecture.

关 键 词：敦煌莫高窟第14窟 中心柱窟 塔图像 五佛曼陀罗 法华塔 华藏世界 重修 复合空间 

分 类 号：TU-89[艺术—艺术设计]