再论中国区际私法中的公共秩序保留制度  

The Doctrine of Public Policy in Chinese Inter-Regional Conflict of Laws

作　　者：涂广建[1] 杨铁铮 Tu Guangjian;Yang Tiezheng

机构地区：[1]澳门大学法学院,中国澳门

出　　处：《国际法研究》2024年第5期94-111,共18页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：根据中国“一国两制”的基本国策和两部基本法,中国内地、香港地区、澳门地区实行不同的法律制度。由于三地在本质上是一国之内具有不同法律制度的法域,因此不可避免地会发生区际法律冲突。一般认为,作为国际私法中的一项重要制度,公共秩序保留制度也应该在中国区际私法中予以适用。但是,三地有关适用公共秩序保留制度的规定各不相同。内地的公共秩序概念不仅包括公序良俗,还包括国家利益;香港地区的公共秩序则是指社会的基本道德和自然公正的信念;澳门地区的公共秩序是指最基本的且具有绝对强制性的法律原则。这种差异性会导致在区际民商事案件中适用公共秩序保留制度的不统一和不确定性。在司法实践中,内地法院对于如何适用公共秩序保留制度尚未形成一致立场,且存在混淆公共秩序保留制度与强制性规定制度的问题。中国香港法院和中国澳门法院在适用公共秩序保留制度时非常谨慎,且在各自内部实现了适用标准的一致。在中国区际民商事案件中,法院必须严格界定并限制适用公共秩序保留制度;同时,内地与香港地区、澳门地区应该协调公共秩序保留制度的适用标准,尽可能努力实现在区际私法中达成公共秩序保留制度适用的相对统一。With the return of Hong Kong region and Macao region to China,the problem of inter-regional conflict of laws came to China under the policy of“One Country,Two Systems”.Compared with the problem in other multi-jurisdictional countries,it might be more serious and complex.The doctrine of public policy plays a fundamentally important role in determining the application of foreign law and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments.It has been generally agreed that public policy should be maintained in Chinese inter-regional conflict of laws,although it should be applied prudently.This article focuses on the doctrine of public policy in Chinese inter-regional conflict of laws and finds that the application of public policy in Chinese Mainland courts is inconsistent,whereas the courts of Hong Kong region and Macao region have a clearer understanding of the connotation of public policy and strictly limit the application of public policy.Different applications of public policy in the courts of different jurisdictions could lead to uncertainty.To obtain judicial uniformity within the same sovereignty,public policy should be used with caution when dealing with inter-regional conflict of laws cases.Chinese Mainland,Hong Kong region,and Macao region should continue to adhere to the objective criterion in a coordinated manner in judicial practices and strive to achieve the appropriate uniform application of public policy.

关 键 词：一国两制 区际私法 公共秩序保留 区际民商事诉讼 判决承认与执行 

分 类 号：D997[政治法律—国际法学]