美国社会针对黑人的医疗种族歧视:历史与现状  

Medical Racism Against Black People in the United States:Historical Perspectives and Current Realities

作　　者：尚海明 刘修斌 SHANG Haiming;LIU Xiubin(Human Rights Institute,Southwest University of Political Science and Law)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学人权研究院

出　　处：《人权法学》2024年第5期84-102,155,156,共21页Journal of Human Rights Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“美国对华人权外交中的涉疆民族、宗教问题研究”(22BMZ140)。

摘　　要：美国拥有世界上门类最全、技术水平最高的医疗体系,但美国社会内部却长期存在针对黑人的医疗种族歧视。不论是预期寿命、医疗保险覆盖率,还是医疗服务获得,黑人群体都处于美国社会的最底端。美国社会对黑人的医疗种族歧视始于奴隶制时期,白人以“保值”为目的为奴隶提供非常有限的医疗保障,且大量利用黑人开展强制性人体实验。这不仅导致黑人健康状况恶化,也让黑人群体对美国医疗体系产生了集体性恐惧。之后的南北战争解放了黑人,却也导致建立在奴隶种植园之上的传统奴隶医疗体系的崩溃,种族隔离的医疗健康系统让黑人与白人的健康差距进一步拉大。伴随着1964年《民权法案》的颁布,以及一系列联邦层面的医疗保健项目的设立,黑人健康权保障取得了不小的进步。但黑人处于劣势的健康状况并未得到根本性改善,黑人在医疗资源获取、卫生条件改善等方面与白人仍然存在巨大鸿沟。对美国而言,消除立法中的显性种族歧视相对容易,消除社会领域中因经济差距所带来的医疗不平等,以及存在于思想观念中的医疗种族歧视却极为困难。Although the United States has one of the most advanced and comprehensive health care systems in the world,medical racism against black people persists within American society.Whether it is life expectancy,medical insurance coverage,or access to medical services,black communities consistently experience the most significant disparities,placing them at the bottom of American society.This huge gap between blacks and whites in the United States in the area of health care is in fact a consequence of long-time medical racism,which leads to lower rates of health insurance coverage,less access to quality health care,greater risk of death from chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease in the black communities.The roots of medical racism in the United States can be traced back to the era of slavery,during which whites provided enslaved people with minimal medical care primarily aimed at“maintaining their economic value”.In addition,enslaved individuals were frequently subjected to coercive medical experimentation.These practices not only contributed to the poor health outcomes of black people but also fostered a deep,enduring mistrust of the American health-care system within black communities.Although the American Civil War brought an official end to over two centuries of slavery in 1865 with the legal emancipation of enslaved black individuals,the deep-seated racial inequalities in American society persisted.Systemic racism,particularly in the healthcare system,remained entrenched and continued to shape and reinforce the unequal power dynamics in healthcare for the next 150 years.Southern black populations were de facto disenfranchised from accessing equitable healthcare services,and inequalities in health care between blacks and whites continued to widen.With the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the establishment of a series of health care programs at the federal level,considerable progress has been made in the protection of black people's right to health.However,the disadvantaged health stat

关 键 词：医疗种族歧视 奴隶制 种族隔离 民权运动 

分 类 号：D815.7[政治法律—国际关系]