面向极端载荷环境用高熵合金的研究进展  

Research progress on high-entropy alloys for extreme loading environments

作　　者：高威 周希晨 朱前勇 逄淑杰[1] 赵士腾 GAO Wei;ZHOU Xichen;ZHU Qianyong;PANG Shujie;ZHAO Shiteng(School of Materials Science and Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 102206,China;Tianmushan Laboratory,Hangzhou 311115,China)

机构地区：[1]北京航空航天大学材料科学与工程学院,北京102206 [2]天目山实验室,杭州311115

出　　处：《航空材料学报》2024年第5期154-173,共20页Journal of Aeronautical Materials

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3705200);国家自然科学基金(12435016);浙江省自然科学基金重大项目(LD24E010005);全国重点实验室基金(6142902220101)。

摘　　要：高熵合金作为一种合金设计新范式,近20年来受到研究人员的广泛关注。基于高熵准则的复杂合金颠覆了传统设计观念,展示出更加优异的力学性能与功能特性,成为未来重大工程应用的备选材料。尤其是近年来涌现出一批在低温断裂韧度、高温强度、抗冲击性、抗辐照性和抗疲劳性能等多种性能指标上表现突出的合金体系,是航空发动机、深空深海探测、低温超导和先进核能等重要领域中极具应用前景的重点研究材料。本文将简要介绍高熵合金的概念与发展,综述高熵合金在极低温至超高温、高速冲击以及高核能辐照等多种极端条件下的实验研究进展。梳理高熵合金的强韧性协同提升策略,提炼高熵合金在不同极端载荷下的变形机制和物理化学性质。可以预见,通过精细调整合金元素的选择与比例、优化热处理工艺等手段高效构筑多尺度序构进一步提升材料的综合力学性能将是高熵合金的主要发展方向。对于极端载荷环境用高熵合金的深入研究,一方面要继续深挖极端载荷下合金的微观变形机制,提出解决强度与塑韧性矛盾的新策略,利用机器学习等最新材料计算工具提升研发效率,结合先进表征技术了解微观结构。另一方面也要针对现有优势体系的不同强韧化机制设计优化策略,尤其关注能够激发位错、孪晶和相变等多种强韧化机制协同的体系和增材制造等新的加工方法。此外,进行更贴近极端服役环境的模拟实验,获取更多贴合实际情况的工程数据是加快高熵合金在极端环境中具体应用的重要环节。High-entropy alloys(HEAs)have attracted considerable attention from the research community as a pioneering alloy design paradigm over the past two decades.They have fundamentally challenged traditional design paradigms and exhibited exceptional mechanical properties and functional characteristics,thereby positioning themselves as promising candidates for significant engineering applications in the future.Recent advancements have unveiled several alloy systems that demonstrate exceptional performance across diverse metrics,including low-temperature fracture toughness,high-temperature strength,impact resistance,radiation tolerance,and fatigue resistance.These qualities render HEAs highly attractive materials for research with substantial application potential in critical domains such as deep space exploration,deep-sea investigations,low-temperature superconductivity,and advanced nuclear energy technologies.This paper will briefly introduce the concept and classification of HEAs,and review the experimental progress of HEAs under various extreme conditions such as extremely low temperatures,highspeed impacts,and high nuclear radiation.We also summarize the strategies for enhancing the strength and toughness of HEAs,and extract the deformation mechanisms and physical and chemical properties of HEAs under different extreme loads.It is foreseeable that the main development direction of HEAs will be to form microscopic fluctuations in chemical composition and construct multiscalestructural ordering efficiently through fine adjustment of the selection and proportion of alloying elements and optimization of heat treatment processes.For comprehensive studies on HEAs subjected to extreme loads,it is essential to explore their microscopic deformation mechanisms further while proposing innovative strategies designed to address inherent trade-offs between strength and toughness.The integration of state-of-the-art simulation techniques combined with advanced characterization methods will be crucial for improving research efficie

关 键 词：高熵合金 极端载荷 宽温域 高速冲击 抗辐照 

分 类 号：V252.1[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程] TG131[航空宇航科学与技术—航空宇航制造工程] O347.3[金属学及工艺—合金]