不同施肥与耕作方式对高粱-玉米轮作田杂草多样性的影响  

Effects of Different Fertilization and Cultivation Methods on Weed Diversity in Sorghum-Maize Rotation Fields

作　　者：白文斌 张建华[1] 高振峰 郝建平[3] BAI Wenbin;ZHANG Jianhua;GAO Zhenfeng;HAO Jianping(Sorghum Research Institute of Shanxi Agricultural University,Yuci Shanxi 030600,China;College of Food Science and Engineering,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taiyuan 030031,China;College of Agriculture,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu Shanxi 030801,China)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学高粱研究所,山西榆次030600 [2]山西农业大学食品科学与工程学院,太原030031 [3]山西农业大学农学院,山西太谷030801

出　　处：《西北农业学报》2024年第10期1858-1871,共14页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica

基　　金：山西省现代农业杂粮产业技术体系(2023CYJSTX03-16)。

摘　　要：为明确改变施肥和耕作方式是否可有效控制高粱-玉米轮作体系中高粱田杂草发生,破解高粱对除草剂敏感、易产生药害和专用除草剂产品匮乏的难题,选择山西农业大学高粱研究所东白试验基地长期定位施肥田和修文试验基地长期不同耕作方式田,于2017-2021年运用群落生态学方法研究5种施肥方式(不施肥、NPK配施、PK配施、NP配施、NK配施)和3种耕作方式(传统耕作方式:秸秆粉碎还田+秋旋耕;秸秆粉碎还田+深松;秸秆粉碎还田+深耕+秋旋耕)对高粱-玉米轮作体系高粱田杂草多样性的影响。结果表明:不同施肥田和不同耕作方式高粱田分别可统计到12种和9种杂草,且均以藜、水稗和反枝苋3种杂草密度较高;不同施肥处理以NPK均衡施肥和NP处理杂草密度最低(同不施肥相比杂草密度分别下降79.18%和76.97%),但对杂草群落多样性指数影响较小同对照相比差异不显著;各施肥处理连续施用3年后的杂草密度大小依次为CK>PK>NK>NP=NPK;3种耕作方式中以秸秆粉碎还田+深耕+秋旋耕处理杂草密度最低(同传统耕作相比杂草密度下降68.48%),且杂草群落构成与其他耕作方式相比相似性较低,但对多样性指数影响较小;较优施肥和耕作方式处理对杂草的强选择压力形成均为连续实施3年后。因此,推荐秸秆粉碎还田+深耕+秋旋耕和NPK(速效钾含量<200 mg/kg地块)或NP(速效钾含量>200 mg/kg地块)为高粱-玉米轮作体系高粱田杂草物理防治较优处理方式。To investigate whether altering fertilization and cultivation methods can effectively control weed occurrence in sorghum fields within the sorghum-maize rotation system,and to address the challenges posed by sorghum's sensitivity to herbicides,susceptibility to pesticide damage,and the lack of specialized herbicide products,the Dongbai experimental field at the Sorghum Research Institute of Shanxi Agricultural University with long-term fertilization,and the Xiuwen experimental field with long-term different cultivation methods,were selected as the study sites.From 2017 to 2021,community ecology methods were used to assess the effects of five fertilization methods(no fertilization,NPK combination,PK combination,NP combination,NK combination)and three cultivation methods(traditional cultivation methods:crushing straw returning to the field+autumn rotary ploughing;crushing straw returning to the field+deep loosening;crushing straw returning to the field+deep ploughing+autumn rotary ploughing)on weed diversity in sorghum fields under the sorghum-maize rotation system.The findings revealed that 12 and 9 types of weeds could be counted in different fertilization fields and different cultivation methods used in sorghum fields,respectively.Notably,the density of Chenopodium album,Amaranthus retroflexus,and Echinochloa phyllopogon(Stapf)Koss demonstrated significantly higher density across all treatments compared to other weeds.Concerning fertilization treatments,NPK balanced fertilization and NP treatment exhibited the lowest weed density(a decrease of 79.18% and 76.97%,respectively,compared to no fertilization,NPK and NP treatment).However,their effect on the weed community diversity index was relatively minor and not significantly different from the control.The order of weed density after three years of continuous application for each fertilization treatment was CK>PK>NK>NP=NPK.Among the three cultivation methods,crushing straw returning to the field+deep ploughing+autumn rotary ploughing exhibited the lowest weed dens

关 键 词：高粱田杂草 杂草多样性 施肥方式 耕作方式 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S514S451