汉字传入西域的历史影响——兼论魏晋时期鄯善通行佉卢文之原因  

The Historic Influence of Chinese Script on the Social Development of the Western Regions:With a Re-examination on How KharoṣṭhīBecame the Official Script of the Shan-shan Kingdom

作　　者：罗帅[1] Luo Shuai(School of History,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学历史学院,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2024年第9期28-39,共12页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(22JJD770008);国家社科基金专项(23VXJ004)。

摘　　要：两汉时期,中原王朝将塔里木盆地纳入治下,设立西域都护府等军政机构进行长期有效治理,给当地社会带来了一系列深远影响。其中最重要的是将汉字传入西域,促使当地进入使用文字和文书的时代。汉文成为绿洲诸国通行的官方文字。诸国设立专门的文案机构以及译长、书史等职官,大量汉人供职其间,帮助维持当地行政体系运转。东汉末年,汉朝官兵内撤,内地与西域之间的人员往来也因凉州之乱而中断,西域各国因此爆发了严重的文字危机。为保证文书行政体系的正常运行,鄯善统治者主动招揽境内的贵霜人进入文案机构充当书吏。贵霜人使用的犍陀罗语和佉卢文遂成为公元2—5世纪鄯善王国的行政语文。A large number of unearthed documents show that the Gandharan language and the Kharoṣṭhīscript were commonly used in the Shan-shan Kingdom in the southeast of Tarim Basin from the 2nd to the 5th century AD.Since Kharoṣṭhīwas one of the official scripts of the Kushan Dynasty,some scholars have proposed that the Kushans ever ruled the Tarim Basin.However,upon careful examination of literatures,unearthed documents and cultural relics,it can be proved that such views contradict historical facts.The Shan-shan Kingdom adopted the Gandharan and Kharoṣṭhīas its administrative language and script,not due to the coercion from the Kushan Dynasty,but as a temporary measure taken by the kingdom in the special period at the end of the Han Dynasty.During the Western Han Dynasty,the Tarim Basin was first brought under the rule of dynasties in the Central Plains.The Han Dynasty set up a series of officials and institutions such as Protector-general of the Western Regions,Chief Official of the Western Regions,and Wu and Chi colonels to effectively govern the Western Regions.For these Northwest territories are vast and sparsely populated,the operation of administrations relies on official documents.Before the governance of the Han Dynasty,there were no scripts in the oasis kingdoms.Chinese characters were introduced to the Western Regions by Han Dynasty officials and soldiers,becoming the first script used in the regions,which had a profound impact on the local society.The wooden slips with Chinese characters unearthed from places such as Loulan and Niya are solid evidence that Chinese script was prevalent in the Western Regions.The oasis kingdoms established specialised clerical agencies and officials such as translators and clerks.Since the number of local natives who mastered Chinese characters was limited,the staff in the agencies were mainly Han people.These clerical agencies played an indispensable role in the domestic affairs,diplomacy,and daily lives of the local nobles in the oasis kingdoms.Firstly,they were

关 键 词：汉字 佉卢文 鄯善 文书行政体系 西域治理 

分 类 号：K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K23[历史地理—历史学] H711[语言文字] G125[文化科学]